Functionalized naphthalene fluorophores

ABSTRACT

Methods for the synthesis and use of functionalized, substituted naphthalenes are described. The functionalized, substituted naphthalenes display useful properties including liquid crystals and fluorescence properties, such as solvatochromatic fluorescence, with high quantum yields, Stoke&#39;s shift, and show emission maxima that are significantly red-shifted.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/648,064, filed May 16, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety by this reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

Portions of the research described herein were supported by U.S. National Science Foundation, Grant CHE0910597. The U.S. Government may have certain rights in this technology.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure are related to functionalized, substituted, naphthalene fluorophore compounds. The functionalized, substituted naphthalene fluorophore compounds display novel fluorescent properties.

BACKGROUND

Designing and building small molecules for the purpose of function enables advancement in fields ranging from pharmaceuticals to pesticides. The Diels-Alder (DA) reaction is one of the most powerful and robust transformations for assembling cyclic molecular frameworks, employing a plethora of diene (4π) and dienophile (2π) components capable of delivering a rich diversity of cyclic compounds poised for function. One structural variant is the dehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction, where one, two, or all three of the double bonds of the classic diene and dienophile are replaced with triple bonds, providing access to substituted aromatic compounds not accessible using other chemistries. The energy price to incorporate the high degree of precursor unsaturation required for the formation of aromatic products can be mitigated by the propensity of cyclohexadiene derivatives to aromatize. Aromatic derivatives, in turn, can be prepared from more saturated precursors, a process defined as a dehydrogenative DA reaction.

A particularly problematic, but potentially useful dehydrogenative DA reaction involves the use of styrene as the diene component and an alkyne dienophile, affording a cycloadduct that can aromatize under oxidative conditions to give naphthalene derivatives (Scheme 1). Problems that can arise when using styrene as the diene range from polymerizations to [2+2] cycloaddition reactions. One solution is to use very reactive dienophiles such as maleic anhydride or benzoquinone. However, the desired cycloadducts are typically obtained in low yields because the reactivity of these dienophiles leads to a second DA reaction with the newly formed diene of the first cycloadduct. Lack of regioselectivity for the styrenyl DA reaction is also a drawback, which can be overcome by carrying out the reaction intramolecularly. The intramolecular styrenyl DA reaction also suffers from low yields and long reaction times, producing mixtures of inseparable dihydronaphthalene and naphthalene products.

Continued interest in the development of an efficient styrenyl DA reaction is driven by the need for functionalized naphthalene compounds that can serve as valuable building blocks for the synthesis of small molecules in many important areas, such as pharmaceuticals, chiral reagents, liquid crystals, and organic dyes. Moreover, the intramolecular styrenyl DA reaction affords a unique functionalization pattern on the resulting naphthalene derivatives that complements other synthetic approaches.

Fluorescent-based tools are widely used to monitor environments of biological events. Small organic fluorophores are particularly powerful due to rapid response times for monitoring real-time events with excellent spatial resolution. Moreover, their relatively small size minimizes disruption of the environment being studied. Thus, new small molecule-based chemical sensors are continually being developed. Many of these developments involve modifying an existing fluorophore to accommodate a need. For example, Prodan is a compound whose fluorescent emission and quantum yield is unusually dependent upon solvent polarity; in cyclohexane the fluorescent emission is 410 nm and in water it is 534 nm, a bathochromic shift of 124 nm. Prodan is considered to be state of the art for application in biological systems and structural variants of this probe have been prepared, such as the lipophilic Laurdan; the thiol reactive Acrylodan and Badan; and the amino acid-containing Aladan. In addition, a spectrally red-shifted compound, Anthradan, has been prepared that incorporates an anthracene ring between the electron donating and electron withdrawing groups; the emission spectra in hexanes is 483 nm, and in methanol 604 nm. The design and synthesis of new naphthalene-containing fluorophores could be significantly enhanced by novel methods for the construction of aromatic rings.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure is directed to the design and synthesis of new functionalized, substituted, naphthalene compounds which possess unique structures and display useful properties, including fluorescent properties and liquid crystal properties.

According to one embodiment, the present disclosure provides for a substituted, functionalized naphthalene having a structure

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or R³ is ═O.

According to another embodiment, this disclosure provides for functionalized substituted naphthalenes as described herein wherein the naphthalene is a fluorophore.

According to another embodiment, the present disclosure provides for functionalized substituted naphthalenes as described herein wherein the naphthalene is a solvatochromatic fluorophore.

According to another embodiment, this disclosure provides for functionalized substituted naphthalenes as described herein wherein the naphthalene is a liquid crystal.

Still further embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a method of synthesizing a substituted, functionalized naphthalene as described herein, the method comprising reacting a 2′-alkynyl substituted halostyrene by a dehydrogenative intramolecular dehydro Diels Alder reaction in the presence of microwave irradiation to form a halo substituted naphthalene; and reacting the halo substituted naphthalene to a cross coupling reaction to form a functionalized naphthalene having a structure

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or R³ is ═O.

Other embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for fluorescing a fluorescent functionalized naphthalene having a structure

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or R³ is ═O. The method comprises irradiating the functionalized naphthalene with electromagnetic radiation and measuring the amount of fluorescent light emitted by the irradiated functionalized naphthalene.

Still other embodiments of this disclosure provides for a fluorescent sensor comprising a functionalized, substituted naphthalene having a structure as described herein.

Still other embodiments of the present disclosure provides for a liquid crystal display, photo voltaic device, or conjugated polymer comprising a functionalized, substituted naphthalene having a structure as described herein.

Still other embodiments of the present disclosure proves for a solvatochromatic fluorophore comprising a functionalized, substituted naphthalene having a structure as described herein.

Still further embodiments provide a functionalized naphthalene fluorophore having a structure: a) 1-(5-(dimethylamino)-2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)ethanone; b) 1-(5-(dimethylamino)-2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one; c) 1-(2,2-bis(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclo-penta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone; d) 1-(2′,2′-dimethyl-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)ethanone; e) 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone; f) 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one; g) 1-(2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-8-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone; h) (8-(dimethylamino)-4-pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,2-diyl)bis(methylene) bis(undec-10-enoate); i) 6-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)hexan-1-one; j) 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)-6-hydroxyhexan-1-one; k) 9-(4-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; l) 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; m) 9-(4-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; n) 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; o) 2-(4-(6-dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-epoxyisoindole-1,3(2H)dione; p) 1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione; q) ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-((1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)propanoate; r) 4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzaldehyde; s) 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; t) methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(4-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanoate; u) 4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl undec-10-enoate; v) 5-(Dimethylamino)-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; w) 6-(Dimethylamino)-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; x) 5-(Dimethylamino)-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; y) 6-(Dimethylamino)-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; z) 5-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; aa) 6-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; or bb) 8-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one.

Further embodiments provide a peptide or protein comprising a modified amino acid residue comprising a substituted naphthalene fluorophore.

Still further embodiments of the present disclosure provide a functionalized naphthalene fluorophore having a structure:

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is a halogen, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R₄, —S(O)₂R₄, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or the R³ groups are combined as ═O.

Other embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods for monitoring a tagged compound in vivo comprising tagging a biological compound with a functionalized naphthalene fluorophore according to claim 4; and monitoring the tagged compound using a spectroscopic technique.

Other embodiments of the compositions and methods of the present disclosure will be apparent to one of skill in the art based upon knowledge acquired by reading this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The various embodiments of the present disclosure will be better understood when read in conjunction with the following Drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is an X-ray crystal structure of N′-(1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)hexa-4,5-dien-1-ylidene)-4-methylbenzene-sulfonohydrazide (3).

FIG. 2A is the absorption (dashed line) and fluorescent emission (solid lines) spectra of 1-(6-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone in organic solvents of different polarity. Absorption spectrum was recorded in CH₂Cl₂. The excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIG. 2B is the absorption (dashed line) and fluorescent emission (solid lines) spectra of 1-(7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone in organic solvents of different polarity. Absorption spectrum was recorded in CH₂Cl₂. The excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIG. 2C is the absorption (dashed line) and fluorescent emission (solid lines) spectra of 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone in organic solvents of different polarity. Absorption spectrum was recorded in CH₂Cl₂. The excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIGS. 3A-3I show the emission spectra for 1-(6-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone in different solvents, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIGS. 4A-4I show the emission spectra for 1-(7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone in different solvents, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIGS. 5A-5I show the emission spectra for 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone in different solvents, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIG. 6 shows the emission spectra for 1-(6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIG. 7 shows the emission spectra for 1-(6-(piperidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIG. 8 shows the emission spectra for 1-(6-morpholino-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIG. 9 shows the emission spectra for 1-(6-(benzylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIG. 10 shows the emission spectra for 1-(6-(phenylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

FIG. 11 shows the emission spectra for 1-(6-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl) ethanone, QY is fluorescence quantum yield vs PRODAN in DMSO (91%); excitation wavelength was 334 nm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure describes substituted, functionalized naphthalenes which display useful properties and uses as fluorophores, solvatochromatic fluorophores, components of photo voltaic devices, structural components in conjugated polymers, pharmaceuticals, light harvesting components, and liquid crystals. The present disclosure utilizes an intramolecular didehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction between a styrene and an alkyne linked by a tether for the synthesis of new substituted naphthalene compounds that can be used as fluorescent tags. It was envisioned that a number of modifications can be made, either linearly or combinatorially, to the DDA precursors and/or to the DDA products, leading to novel substituted naphthalene compounds that will be tested for their general chemical and fluorescent properties such as: molecular absorbance, quantum yield, excitation wavelength, emission wavelength, Stokes shift, fluorescent lifetime, photostability, and solubility, that are essential for sensing applications. Examples of modifications to the precursor include but are not limited to, substitution at the terminus of the alkyne (R¹), the aromatic ring (R²), the double bond (R³) and/or the tether (XYZ). Examples of modifications that can be made to the product include but are not limited to any or all of the following: conversion of R¹ to R⁴, R² to R⁵, R³ to R⁶, and/or XYZ to ABC.

As generally used herein, the terms “include” and “have” mean “comprising”. As generally used herein, the term “about” refers to an acceptable degree of error for the quantity measured, given the nature or precision of the measurements. Typical exemplary degrees of error may be within 20%, 10%, or 5% of a given value or range of values. Alternatively, and particularly in biological systems, the term “about” may mean values that are within an order of magnitude, potentially within 5-fold or 2-fold of a given value.

Recently, in our studies directed towards expanding the scope of the thermal [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of allene-ynes, naphthalene 2 was obtained and none of the anticipated [2+2] cycloaddition product between the allene and the alkyne of 1 upon microwave irradiation in ortho-dichlorobenzene at 225° C. for 5 min. While the ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra of 2 contained well-defined resonances in the aromatic region diagnostic of a cyclopentanaphthalene, verification of the product structure having a linear or angular arrangement was elusive. The cyclopentanaphthalene derivative possessing a linear arrangement of the three rings could originate from the uncommon IMDA discussed above. The angular cyclopentanaphthalene could arise from a thermal [2+2] cycloaddition reaction between the double bond of the styrenyl group and the alkynone, followed by a 4π-electrocyclic ring opening of the corresponding cyclobutene to yield a new diene. Isomerization of the appended double bond from the Z- to the E-isomer, followed by a 6π-electrocyclic ring closing and aromatization would yield the angular product. The linear structure of compound 2 was confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure of o-nitrophenyl sulfonyl hydrazone 3. The outstanding selectivity of this IMDA reaction for the naphthalene product over the dihydronaphthalene product (1:0), the high yield, and an overall interest in naphthalene derivatives compelled us to study this reaction further.

Or investigations differ from existing methods for the synthesis of naphthalene derivatives via the IMDA reaction of styrenes, all of them sharing a few common features such as 1) the enyne precursors contain either a heteroatom and/or a carbonyl group(s) within the tether (mainly amides and esters); 2) limited functionality on the terminus of the alkyne, usually trimethylsilyl (TMS) or phenyl groups, or a hydrogen atom; 3) reaction conditions requiring high temperatures and long reaction times; and 4) most naphthalene products are contaminated with varying quantities of dihydronaphthalene byproducts. Moreover, our initial result directly opposes the work reported by Matsubara, who suggests that a TMS group on the terminus of the alkyne is necessary for the exclusive formation of the naphthalene over the dihydronaphthalene product.

A concise synthesis of a dehydrogenative IMDA styrenyl precursor 5 was accomplished in 3 steps, and in a manner entirely analogous to that used for the preparation of 1. Aldehyde 4 is prepared by a PCC oxidation of commercially available 5-hexyn-1-ol in 81% yield. Next, reaction of the lithium or sodium salt of diethyl benzylphosphonate with aldehyde 4 affords the styrene moiety of 5 in 68% yield. Deprotonation of the alkyne terminus with n-BuLi followed by acetylation of the acetylide produces 5 in 69% yield. For the ensuing IMDA reaction, solvents with lower boiling points were considered because of difficulties in removing high boiling o-dichlorobenzene.

Microwave irradiation of styrene 5 in either 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) at 180° C. for 30 min or 1,1,1-trifluorotoluene at 180° C. for 180 minutes afforded the cyclopenta-naphthalene derivative 6 in nearly quantitative yield with no additional purification required of the final product (entries 1 and 2, Table 1). With conditions for an efficient and high yielding IMDA reaction utilizing a lower boiling solvent in hand, scope and limitations investigations were initiated. First, substitution on the aryl group was examined; exchanging a hydrogen atom for a chlorine atom was deemed valuable, enabling access to a wide-range of naphthalene derivatives via palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. Moreover, a chlorine atom is more stable and accessible than other halides or groups used for coupling, such as triflates. Styrenyl derivatives 5b, 5c, and 5d were prepared and subjected to microwave irradiation. The para-chlorostyrene 5b gave 7-chloronaphthalene 6b in quantitative yield after 200 min (entry 3). The ortho-chlorostyrene 5c also produced only one product, the 5-chloronaphthalene 6c in 86% yield, even though two products are possible (entry 4). The meta-chlorostyrene 5d gave an inseparable 1.4:1 mixture of the 6-chloro- and 8-chloronaphthalenes, 6d and 6d′ in 79% yield (entry 5).

Next, a number of functional groups on the terminus of the alkyne were investigated in the IMDA reaction. Substitution of the alkyne with a phenyl methanone gave the cycloadduct 6e in quantitative yield after 90 min (entry 6). Reaction scale did not affect the yield of this reaction, but it did have an affect on the reaction time; for example, 50 mg of 5e afforded 6e in 90 min, while 200 mg of 5e required a reaction time of 130 min. Placement of the methylsulfonyl and phenylsulfonyl groups on the terminus of the alkyne to produce 5f and 5g resulted in a facile IMDA reaction to give 6f and 6g in 78% and 89% yield, respectively (entries 7 and 8). Sulfoxide 5h gave a slightly lower yield, but still afforded the naphthalene product 6h selectively (entry 9). Similarly, the diethyl phosphonate substituted alkyne 5i produced 6i in greater than 95% yield in 150 min (entry 10). Alkynal 5j affords the naphthalene 6j in 83% yield in 45 min (entry 11). A substrate with a methyl ester on the alkyne terminus 5k, slowed the reaction considerably, requiring 600 min to obtain complete conversion to 6k in 76% yield (entry 12). The reaction time could be shortened from 600 to

TABLE 1 Microwave-Assisted Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reaction

entry 5 R¹ R² X time 6 yield (%) 7 yield (%)  1 5a C(O)CH₃ H —CH₂— 30 >95 (6a) 0 (7a)   2^(a) 5a C(O)CH₃ H —CH₂— 180 >95 (6a) 0 (7a)  3 5b C(O)CH₃ p-Cl —CH₂— 200 >95 (6b, 7-chloro) 0 (7b)   4^(b) 5c C(O)CH₃ o-Cl —CH₂— 180 86 (6c, 5-chloro) 0 (7c)   5^(b) 5d C(O)CH₃ m-Cl —CH₂— 180 79 (6d, 6d′ 6-, 8- 0 (7d)  6 5e C(O)Ph H —CH₂— 90 >95 (6e) 0 (7e)   7^(c) 5f SO₂CH₃ H —CH₂— 20 76 (6f) 0 (7f)  8 5g SO₂Ph p-Cl —CH₂— 15 89 (6g, 7-chloro) 0 (7g)  9 5h SOPh p-Cl —CH₂— 60 75 (6h, 7-chloro) 0 (7h)  10^(c) 5i P(O)OEt₂ p-Cl —CH₂— 150 >95 (6i, 7-chloro) 0 (7i) 11 5j CHO p-Cl —CH₂— 45 83 (6j, 7-chloro) 0 (7j) 12 5k CO₂CH₃ H —CH₂— 600 76 (6k) 0 (7k)  13^(d) 5k CO₂CH₃ H —CH₂— 90 >95 (6k) 0 (7k)    14^(a,b) 5l C(O)CH₃ H —(CH₂)₂— 50 >95 (6l) 0 (7l)  15^(c) 5m C(O)CH₃ o-Cl —C(CO₂Et)₂— 30 >95 (6m, 5-chloro) 0 (7m) 16 5n C(O)CH₃ H —O— 30 28 (6n) 15 (7n) 17 5o C(O)CH₃ H —NTs— 10 30 (6o) 56 (7o)  18^(b) 5p C(O)CH₃ o-Cl —NTs— 10 24 (6p, 5-chloro) 48 (7p)  19^(b) 5p C(O)CH₃ o-Cl —NTs— 10 59 (6p, 5-chloro) 6 (7p) ^(a)Reaction performed using 1,1,1-trifluorotoluene as solvent; ^(b)Reaction performed using o-dichlorobenzene (DCB) as solvent; ^(c)Reaction performed in DCB at 225° C.; ^(d)Reaction performed at 300° C. in DCB. 90 min by heating to 225° C. in o-dichlorobenzene; this also resulted in an improved yield of 97% (entry 13). The rate of these IMDA reactions (entries 1-13) corresponds well with Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory and HOMO-LUMO gaps.

Finally, structural changes in the tether were examined. Extending the tether by one methylene unit gave precursor 5l that required heating at 300° C. for 50 min in o-dichlorobenzene but provided the product 6l in quantitative yield (heating at 225° C. for 240 minutes resulted in recovery of starting material). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful styrenyl IMDA reaction using a four-atom tether to provide naphthalene containing an additional six-membered ring. Reaction of the precursor 5m with an all carbon tether possessing a diester moiety afforded only 6m in greater than 95% yield in 30 min (entry 15). Next, an ether tether was used to connect the styrene and the alkyne. The cycloaddition of 5n was complete in 30 min and gave a 2:1 ratio of the naphthalene 6n to the dihydronaphthalene 7m (entry 16). The toluenesulfonamide substrate 5o also afforded a mixture of products, but in a 2:1 ratio of the dihydronaphthalene 7o to naphthalene 6o in 10 min in a combined yield of 86% (entry 17). The case of the toluenesulfonamide tether with a chloro group on the aromatic ring also provided a 2:1 ratio of the dihydronaphthalene 7p to naphthalene 6p in 10 min in a combined yield of 72% (entry 18). If 5p was heated to 225° C. for 10 min, nearly a 10:1 ratio of naphthalene 7p to dihydronaphthalene 6p was obtained in 65% yield (entry 19). For each of the heteroatom-containing tethers a mixture of products was observed; furthermore, when the reaction time was extended to 120 min for entry 5p, the ratio of naphthalene 6p to internal standard did not change, but the dihydronaphthalene 7p was no longer evident by ¹H NMR, suggesting that dihydronaphthalene 7p is not converted to 6p. Separation of dihydronaphthalene 7p and naphthalene 6p could not be accomplished by column chromatography, so attempts were made to oxidize the mixture to 6p using cerric ammonium nitrate (CAN), dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ), Pd/C, or O₂. All reactions gave either complete decomposition of the naphthalene and dihydronaphthalene products, or selective decomposition of the dihydronaphthalene.

These naphthalene derivatives may be used as potential candidates for application to the ever-increasing field of small molecule fluorescent probes. Consequently, reaction of 6b to a palladium-catalyzed amination reaction using RuPhos precatalyst, LHMDS and N,N-dimethylamine afforded cyclopentanaphthalene 8 in 70% yield. Compound 8 was strongly fluorescent with an absorption maxima of 377 nm and an emission maxima of 510 nm. The emission maximum was significantly red-shifted from the structurally similar Prodan, which has an emission maxima of 440 nm in dichloroethane. Moreover, a quantum yield of 99% was measured for compound 8 in dichloroethane.

A thermal dehydrogenative Diels-Alder reaction affords cyclopenta-naphthalenes in excellent yield. For all cases examined, the styrene functioned only as a diene contrary to literature reports of competing reactivity. For the heteroatom-containing tether, dihydro-naphthalenes were obtained along with the naphthalene products. Investigations are underway to understand the mechanism by which these two products are formed. Finally, it has been demonstrated the synthetic utility of this method by preparing fluorophore 8 with interesting photophysical properties.

Prodan 8a is a compound whose fluorescent emission and quantum yield is unusually dependent upon solvent polarity; in cyclohexane the fluorescent emission is 410 nm and in water it is 534 nm, a bathochromic shift of 124 nm. Prodan is considered to be state of the art for application in biological systems and structural variants of this probe have been prepared, such as the lipophilic Laurdan 8b; the thiol reactive Acrylodan 8c and Badan 8d; and the amino acid-containing Aladan 8e. In addition, a spectrally red-shifted compound, Anthradan 8f, has been prepared that incorporates an anthracene ring between the electron donating and electron withdrawing groups; the emission spectra in hexanes is 483 nm, and in methanol 604 nm.

Prodan Derivatives

For each of these Prodan derivatives, the donor-acceptor substituents are located along the x-axis (longer axis) of the naphthalene pi-system, and the amino group can be characterized as exonuclear and sterically unhindered. For the anthracene analog, even though the emission wavelength was significantly red-shifted, the quantum efficiency was lower. The design and synthesis of new naphthalene-containing fluorophores could be significantly enhanced by novel methods for the construction of aromatic rings. As described herein, the synthesis and fluorescent properties of a series of novel Prodan derivatives, enabled by the microwave-assisted dehydrogenative Diels-Alder reaction, whereby the acceptor and/or donor substituents are located along the y-axis (shorter axis) of the conjugated system, providing a more rigid conjugated structure between the acceptor and donor groups.

With an eye towards the preparation of a series of aminonaphthalene derivatives, cross coupling reactions were examined for the introduction of electron donating amine groups via the chloronaphthalene. For this process, the versatile palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl halides has emerged as a valuable tool. For the first generation derivative, dimethylamine and chloronaphthalenes 6b, 6c, 6d and 6d′ were selected so that photophysical properties of this first generation of derivatives could be directly compared to that of Prodan (Scheme 4). The coupling reaction of 6b and 6d using a commercially available RuPhos precatalyst (2.5 mol %) and LHMDS in dry THF afforded the corresponding N,N-dimethylamine substituted cyclopentanaphthalenes 10 and 12 in 70% and 49% yield, respectively. Different palladium sources (Pd(OAc)₂) and bases (K₃PO₄, CsCO₃) were also screened, but all resulted in lower yields of the coupling products. Interestingly, the inseparable mixture of 6d and 6d′ gave two products: 11 in 52% yield along with 6a. It is hypothesized that 6a arises from a palladium catalyzed-dehalogenation reaction of 6d′ facilitated by the close proximity of the methyl ketone. Next, a number of amines were coupled with 6b. Secondary cyclic amines such as pyrrole, piperidine, and morpholine gave the corresponding tertiary amines 13, 14, and 15 in 59%, 45% and 58% yield, respectively. Primary amines such as benzylamine, aniline, and para-methoxyaniline were also successfully coupled with 6b to afford 16, 17 and 18 in 89%, 78% and 71% yield, respectively.

With a series of compounds with the donor and acceptor groups separated by a naphthalene nucleus in hand, fluorescent absorption and emission maximum were measured in methylene chloride, along with quantum yields. Notable trends for this series of solvatochromic compounds were observed. Compound 12 containing a 1,5-substituted cyclopentanaphthalene moiety absorbed light at a much shorter wavelength (332 nm) and fluoresced at a much longer wavelength (562 nm) than either the 1,7- or 1,6-disubstituted compounds 10 or 11 (absorption and emission maximum ˜375 nm and 510 nm). The tertiary cyclic amine series showed a range of absorption maxima (355-390 nm) while the emission maxima remained constant (508-515 nm). The emission spectra of the secondary amines 16, 17, and 18 were significantly blue-shifted (482-492 nm) when compared to the tertiary amines, but there were not significant differences in absorption or emission maxima between each of the secondary amines. Finally, the quantum yields for all fluorophores in Scheme 4 were extremely high, with one exception, compound 12.

Finally, solvatochromic properties for compounds 10, 11, and 12 were measured in a number of solvents varying in polarity (FIG. 2). Several important findings emerged from these measurements, the first being that in the case of all fluorophores, as the solvent polarity increases the emission maxima are significantly red-shifted. For example, the emission maxima for compounds 10, 11, and 12 are 466, 445 and 480 nm in cyclohexane and 578, 605, and 634 nm in ethanol, respectively. Moreover, the emission spectra are significantly red-shifted from that of Prodan, which emits at 389 nm in hexanes and 485 nm in ethanol. Red-shifted fluorescent emissions are important for biological applications where background fluorescence can limit the magnitude of the fluorescent change.

TABLE 2 Spectroscopic properties of dyes 10, 11 and 12 in comparison to Prodan

λ_(abs) ^(a) λ_(em) ^(b) QY λ_(abs) ^(a) λ_(em) ^(b) QY^(c) λ_(abs) ^(a) λ_(em) ^(b) QY^(c) Entry Solvent nm nm % nm nm % nm nm % 1 n-Hexane 340 389 2.0 / / / / / / 2 Cyclohexane / / / 314 480 28 363 445 8 3 Toluene 346 416 56 322 520 47 368 481 25 4 1,4-Dioxane 346 422 75 319 534 44 5 THF 348 430 78 330 543 39 370 505 34 6 CH₂Cl₂ 355 440 98 334 562 60 372 509 82 7 CHCl₃ / / / 334 562 40 373 514 41 8 Acetonitrile 350 455 80 316 590 23 370 545 18 9 DMSO 357 462 91 334 598 48 374 558 37 10 EtOH 362 485 71 334 634 / 374 605 3

λ_(abs) ^(a) λ_(em) ^(b) QY^(c) Entry Solvent nm nm % 1 n-Hexane / / / 2 Cyclohexane 373 466 45 3 Toluene 376 490 62 4 1,4-Dioxane 376 495 46 5 THF 377 497 75 6 CH₂Cl₂ 377 510 99 7 CHCl₃ 377 516 77 8 Acetonitrile 375 529 99 9 DMSO 377 536 85 10 EtOH 377 578 5 ^(a)Maximum absorption. ^(b)Maximum emission. ^(c)Fluorescence quantum yield vs Prodan in DMSO (91%), excitation was 334 nm (10⁻⁵M solutions).

According to specific embodiments, the substituted, functionalized naphthalenes synthesized by the methods of the present disclosure may have a molecular structure according to Formula I.

According to Formula I, R¹ may be a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² may be a halogen or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ may be H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ may be independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4. According to certain embodiments, suitable fluorescence may be observed when one of R¹ or R³ has a pi bond that is in conjugation with the pi system of the naphthalene ring. Therefore, according to the naphthalenes of the present disclosure, at least one of R¹ and R³ will comprise a pi bond in conjugation with the pi system of the naphthalene ring, i.e., provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ and/or R³ is ═O. The R² group in the various embodiments may further be selected from Cl, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groups or phenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl groups when more than one R² group is present provided that at least one R² group is an electron donating group. Other electron donating groups that may be suited as R² such as groups with an atom having a lone pair of electrons that is attached either directly to the carbon of the naphthalene ring or attached indirectly to a carbon of the naphthalene ring by a pi system that is in conjugation with the pi system of the naphthalene. Examples include heteroaromatic groups, phenyl or aromatic groups with a conjugated electron donating group.

The structure according to Formula I, may further comprise substitution on the carbons of the naphthalene ring, or on the carbons of the non-aromatic ring, such as the cyclopentyl ring (where n=1). For example, according to certain embodiments, the naphthalene ring may be substituted on two adjacent carbons with at least one carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring fused to the naphthalene ring. In specific embodiments, the fused ring may be at least one aromatic ring or a heteroaromatic ring. For example, according to certain embodiments the naphthalene ring may have a phenyl ring(s) fused to the naphthalene ring, thereby making an anthracenyl-type ring system, a phenanthracenyl-type ring system. The ring(s) fused to the naphthalene rings may be substituted with various substituents, such as the ones described herein, and including electron withdrawing or electron donating groups (such as R²-type groups). Without intending to be limited by any interpretation, it is believed that changing the substitution and/extending the pi system of the naphthalene system may be used to tune the optical properties of the compound, such as the fluorescent properties.

In specific embodiments, R¹ may be —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, or —C(Y)R⁴, Y may be O or NR⁵ and R⁴ and R⁵ may independently be H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, or aryl, and each R² is Cl, —N(R⁶)₂, or —OR⁶, where each R⁶ may be H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or come together to form a cyclyl or heterocyclyl structure having 4-5 carbon atoms. According to particular embodiments, R¹ may —C(Y)R⁴, Y is O, and R⁴ may be H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, or aryl.

In still other embodiments of the functionalized naphthalenes described herein, wherein R² may be Cl, such as in the product of the dehydrogenative dihydro Diels Alder reaction, or alternatively, in the resulting fluorescent compound. In other embodiments, at least one R² may be an electron donating group, such as, —N(R⁶)₂, or —OR⁶, where each R⁶ may be H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or come together to form a cyclyl or heterocyclyl structure having 4-5 carbon atoms. According to these embodiments, specific fluorescent properties, such as solvatochromic properties, may be observed with these substituted functionalized naphthalenes.

According to other embodiments, the R³ groups may together form a carbonyl group (C═O). According to these embodiments, the R¹ group need not be in conjugation with the naphthalene ring in order to observe fluorescence. In specific embodiments, where the R³ groups are combined as a carbonyl (C═O), the X group may be CH₂ (i.e., a cyclic ketone), C(R⁶)₂ (i.e., a cyclic ketone), O (a lactone), or NTs (an amide), R¹ may be any of the groups described herein and in specific embodiments may be H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and each R² may be Cl, or an electron donating group such as —N(R⁶)₂, or —OR⁶, where each R⁶ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or come together to form a cyclyl or heterocyclyl structure having 4-5 carbon atoms. As used herein the term “cyclyl” means a cyclic group where the two R⁶ groups on the nitrogen come together to from a four, five, six or seven membered ring including 3-6 substituted or unsubstituted carbon atoms and the nitrogen of the electron donating group. As used herein the term “heterocyclyl” means a heterocyclic group where the two R⁶ groups on the nitrogen come together to from a four, five, six or seven membered ring including 2-5 substituted or unsubstituted carbon atoms, at least one second heteroatom such as an O, N, P, or S, and the nitrogen of the electron donating group.

According to specific embodiments, the substituted functionalized naphthalenes of the present disclosure may have a structure:

As described in detail herein, the substituted functionalized naphthalenes of the present disclosure, such as the naphthalenes according to Formula I, may be a fluorophore. That is, the substituted functionalized naphthalenes may absorb electromagnetic radiation at a short wavelength, such as a wavelength in the visible or UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum and emit or fluoresce light having a longer wavelength than the absorption wavelength. In particular embodiments, the fluorescent naphthalenes described herein may display a fluorescent emission maximum at a wavelength of from 450 nm to 650 nm. Emissions in these wavelengths may be of particular interest since many conventional fluorophores do not emit near the red end of the spectrum. The red shift observed for the present fluorophores make them potentially useful in a number of applications such as an imaging fluorescent agent, a tagging fluorescent agent, an ultimately use in medical diagnostics.

In specific embodiments, the various substituted functionalized naphthalenes of the present disclosure may be solvatochromic fluorophores. Solvatochromic fluorophores display different fluorescent properties, such as emission maxima, absorption maxima, quantum yields, depending on the solvents that they are dissolved or suspended in. Solvatochromism may allow the fluorescent species, such as a tagged compound, metabolite, cellular component, environmental contaminant etc., to be traced as it migrates from one solvated environment to another, for example by monitoring the fluorescent emission maximum of the fluorescent species. Conventional solvatochromic fluorophores, such as Prodan, may be limited because of their short wavelength emission maximum which can overlap with emission wavelength of other system components. In contrast, the solvatochromic fluorescent naphthalenes of the present disclosure may display a fluorescent emission maximum as wavelengths at least 50 nm longer than the fluorescent emission maximum of Prodan in the same solvent, and in certain embodiments up to 200 nm longer than the emission maximum of Prodan in the same solvent. Thus, the solvatochromic naphthalenes may display desired fluorescent properties not present in conventional sovlatochromic fluorophores.

Due to the relatively planar and rigid structure of the functionalized naphthalenes of the present disclosure, combined with their light absorption and emission properties, in certain embodiments the functionalized naphthalenes may be used as a liquid crystal.

Still further embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods for synthesizing the fluorescent functionalized naphthalenes described herein. According to the various embodiments, the methods comprise reacting a 2′-alkynyl substituted halostyrene by a dehydrogenative intramolecular dehydro Diels Alder reaction in the presence of microwave irradiation to form a halo substituted naphthalene; and reacting the halo substituted naphthalene to a cross coupling reaction to form a functionalized naphthalene having a structure according to Formula I,

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is a halogen or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or the R³ groups are combined as ═O. In these embodiments, the 2′alkynyl substituted halostyrene may have a structure as shown herein, for example where the alkyl may be substituted, the tether between the styryl double bond and the alkyne may have substitution and functionality (such as a carbonyl, ether, amine, amide, gem-diester, or alkyl substitution), and the aromatic ring may be substituted with a chlorine or a variety of other groups represented by R². As described herein the cross coupling reaction converts the halogen on the halo substituted naphthalene to an electron donating group, such as a group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶. Examples of cross coupling reactions include transition metal mediated cross coupling reactions, such as a palladium catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction.

According to various embodiments of the described methods, the functionalized naphthalenes may have a structure where where R¹ is —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, or —C(Y)R⁴, Y is O or NR⁵ and R⁴ and R⁵ are independently H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, or aryl, and each R² is Cl, —N(R⁶)₂, or —OR⁶, where each R⁶ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or come together to form a cyclyl or heterocyclyl structure having 4-5 carbon atoms. According to specific embodiments of the methods, the functionalized naphthalene may have a structure

According to still other embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for fluorescing a fluorescent functionalized naphthalene having a structure according to any of the embodiments described herein. For example, the functionalized naphthalene may have a structure

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is a halogen or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or the R³ groups are combined as ═O. According to the various embodiments of these methods, the method may comprise the steps of irradiating the functionalized naphthalene with electromagnetic radiation and measuring the amount of fluorescent light emitted by the irradiated functionalized naphthalene. In specific embodiments the fluorescent light emitted by the irradiated functionalized naphthalene may have a emission maximum at a wavelength from 450 nm to 650 nm.

In still other embodiments, the functionalized, substituted naphthalenes of the present disclosure may have a structure where the naphthalene has a group(s) attached either directly or indirectly, for example, via a tether, that is capable of forming a bond with another molecule or substrate. The bond may be a covalent bond or an ionic bond. According to these embodiments, the other molecule or substrate may be “tagged” with the functionalized naphthalene. For example, according to embodiments where the functionalized naphthalene has fluorescent properties, the naphthalene may act as a fluorescent tag, wherein the tagged substrate or molecule fluoresces at a wavelength determined by the presence of the tagging functionalized naphthalene. The tagging naphthalenes may be used to tag various substrates, such as organic compounds, inorganic compounds, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, other cellular components and the like. According to specific embodiments, functionalized naphthalenes having a group capable of forming a bond with another substrate may include a carboxylic acid, ester, amide, diol, triazole, thiol, or other known tagging functional groups. Non-limiting examples of substituted naphthalene structures that have a functional group capable of tagging are illustrated in Scheme 5.

According to various embodiments, the present disclosure provides attachable solvatochromic fluorophores suitable for bioconjugation studies. The skeletons of the naphthalene fluorophores may be chemically modified to include reactive functional groups which have minimal affect or alteration of the optical properties of the modified compounds when compared to the parent dyes. The functionalized fluorophores may be covalently attached to the carboxyl group of a fatty acid, and azido- and thiol-containing amino acids, demonstrating their potential for labeling biomolecules. As shown in Scheme 6, Functionalization of R¹ in 103a with a variety of groups is possible and should afford compounds with the same photophysical properties as naphthalene were R¹═CH₃ and R²═H. Attachment of functional groups and/or biomolecules to the five membered ring, as in 103a′, is also predicted to have little effect on the photophysical properties because this ring is not conjugated with the chromophore. Regarding attachment sites for fluorophore 102b, R¹ on the appended aryl ring may be synthetically appealing. In addition, the aryl ring will have little effect on the absorption and emission maxima of the parent dye. A hydroxyl group was selected as a reactive functionality for labeling fluorophores 103a, 103a′ and 103b because of its synthetic versatility, i.e. nucleophilic substitutions, oxidations, and Mitsunobu reactions, however other functional groups such as amines, carboxylate groups, amides, thiols etc. could also be used.

A microwave-assisted intramolecular DDDA reaction of styrenes 4a, 4b, and 4c afforded cyclopenta[b]naphthalenes 5a, 5b, and 5c in 85%, 47% and 92% yield, respectively (Scheme 7). A low yield for the conversion of 4b to 5b was attributed to the bulky tert-butyl group. The resulting aryl chlorides 5a, 5b and 5c were subjected to palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling amination conditions to isolate the protected fluorophores 6a-d in 62%, 58%, 71%, and 35% yield, respectively. Reaction conditions for the conversion of 5c to pyrrolidine 6d were not optimized. The ketal groups of compounds 6a-c were removed by treatment with 1N HCl to afford diols 7a-c in 57%, 96%, and 52% yield, respectively. Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF, 2 equiv) in THF was used to deprotect the TBS groups of substrate 6d to afford 7c in quantitative yield.

Absorption and emission maxima of 6a-d and 7a-c were measured in dichloromethane (DCM) revealing interesting trends. Changes to the amine and ketone groups influences the photophysical properties of these fluorophores, as evidenced by the emission maxima for 6a (566 nm), 6b (527 nm), and 6d (581 nm), However, variations to the diol moiety had almost no effect on the optical properties of these dyes. In fact, the ketal derivative 6a, the TBS protected compound 6c, and the free diol 7a showed almost identical fluorescence emission maxima (566 nm, 564 nm, and 567 nm respectively) and only slight changes in the absorption maxima were observed.

The diol group of 7a-c was considered for the fluorescent labeling of carboxyl groups. To demonstrate this, the fatty acid derivative 8 was obtained through a coupling reaction of 7b with 10-undecenoic acid and dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC, Scheme 1). The optical properties of fluorophore 8 were found to be comparable to that of substrate 7b with an absorption maximum of 324 nm, emission maximum of 531 nm, and a Stokes shift of 207 nm in DCM. This unusual fatty acid derivative 8 is being examined for its potential to study membrane structure.

To widen the applicability and to show the versatility of these dyes as labels for biological targets, efforts turned to the labeling of 103a (Scheme 6). This was accomplished by reacting amide 9 and the lithium acetylide of alkyne 10 to produce the DDDA precursor 11 in 58% yield (Scheme 8). Subjecting 11 to the DDDA reaction conditions followed by a Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction generated the TBS-protected fluorescent compound 12 in a 53% overall yield. Deprotection of the TBS group with TBAF afforded the attachable fluorophore 13 in 91% yield. This synthetic protocol allows for the preparation of additional fluorophores with tethers of varying lengths and conformational mobility between the carbonyl and the reactive hydroxyl group. With regards to optical properties, the TBS-protected and hydroxyl derivatives 12 and 13 showed absorption and emission maxima in DCM comparable to those observed for fluorophore 102a. The final labeling strategy is depicted as 103b (Scheme 6). Analogs of fluorophore 102b are especially attractive because this fluorophore displays an absorption maximum in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (425 nm).

In a manner entirely analogous to the preparation of other DDDA precursors described herein, 14a and 14b were prepared, isolated and subjected to microwave irradiation to produce fluorescent dyes 15a and 15b in 30% and 40% yield for the three steps (Scheme 9). These compounds displayed similar optical properties when compared with dye 102b. Solvatochromic properties of fluorescent naphthalenes 7b, 13 and 15b, including bathochromic shift are presented in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Spectroscopic Properties of Fluorophores 7b, 13 and 15b 7b 13 15b Solvent λ_(abs) ^(a) λ_(em) ^(b) SS^(c) λ_(abs) ^(a) λ_(em) ^(b) SS^(c) λ_(abs) ^(a) λ_(em) ^(b) SS^(c) Toluene 318 493 175 320 526 206 424 504 80 CH₂Cl₂ 320 530 210 325 568 243 427 537 110 DMSO 320 561 241 327 598 271 427 574 147 Batho- 68 nm 72 nm 70 nm chromic shift ^(a)Absorption maxima in nm. ^(b)Emission maxima in nm. ^(c)Stokes shift in nm.

According to other embodiments, the present disclosure provides an approach to the synthesis of unnatural amino acids comprising a functionalized fluorescent naphthalene moiety. As shown in Scheme 10, unnatural amino acids derived from serine derived amino acid 18 and an azide derived amino acid 21 were prepared and demonstrate fluorescent compounds. The fluorescent modified unnatural amino acids may be used to tag peptide and proteins with a fluorophore as described herein to produce tagged peptides or proteins that may be monitored in vitro or in vivo. The present disclosure also provides for a tagged fluorescent peptide or protein comprising a residue of an unnatural amino acid.

In still other embodiments, the present disclosure provides for fluorescent fatty acid analogs where one or more fatty acid chains are attached to the fluorescent naphthalene structure. For example, in one embodiment, a fatty acid residue may be attached to a free hydroxyl group on the substituted fluorescent naphthalene to form a fatty acid ester substituted naphthalene. Alternatively, the fatty acid residue may be attached to a primary or secondary amine on the naphthalene to form a fatty amide residue on the substituted naphthalene. One example of this approach is illustrated in Scheme 11.

According to other embodiments, the de novo chemical synthesis and fluorophore design strategy described herein will be used to prepare near infra red-infra red (“NIR-IR”) solvatochromic membrane probes. For a first generation of compounds, the position of the electron-donating groups on the cyclopenta[b]naphthalene ring have been altered and varied the R group (H, Ph, TMS), for example to include heavy atom groups and NMR active groups, such as silyl (trimethyl silyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenyl methyl and alkoxy silyl groups), phosphorous groups, and NMR active isotopes such as ¹⁹F, ²H, ¹³C, or ³¹P. In specific embodiments, the substituted naphthalenes may be labeled with an NMR active isotope, such as ¹⁹F, ²H, ¹³C, or ³¹P, and may be used as an NMR probe, for example as a membrane sensor using NMR to analyze interactions between the active isotope and its surroundings.

In specific embodiments, altering the position of the dimethylamino group may lead to a red-shifted emission of from 100 nm to 140 nm or more. In addition, by changing the R group from a hydrogen to a silyl (trimethylsilyl (TMS)) group or other heavy atom group, such as a phosphorous containing group, the absorption and emission wavelengths are both been significantly red-shifted (Scheme 12). In addition, the TMS-substituted is the most intensely fluorescent compound in this series. For a few of these substrates the Stokes shift was increased significantly, a desired property since this may inhibit self-quenching. Thus, the present disclosure provides substituted naphthalene fluorophores having large Stokes shifts, while maintaining fluorescent intensity. Conventional bright dyes do not typically display large Stokes shifts, so one approach in the art is to connect multiple fluorophores with energy donor-acceptor architectures together so that can achieve large pseudo-Stokes shifts, collectively call energy transfer cassettes. In contrast, specific embodiments of the naphthalene fluorophores described herein may show the large Stokes shift and high intensity while having small molecular structures that may be attached without significant change in the molecular environment of the tagged molecule.

Still other embodiments of the substituted naphthalene fluorophores may either absorb or emit in the NIR-IR or both. For these fluorophores, the absorption spectra has been shifted well into the visible region (442 nm) and emission spectra is red-shifted by up to 100 nm when compared to conventional lipid membrane sensor, Laurdan. Thus, fluorophores described herein may display lower in phototoxicity and may be more amenable to routine confocal microscopy; whereas conventional Laurdan requires the use of a more expensive less available two-photon microscope. Finally, the solvatochromic dyes described herein may circumvent issue of FRET biosensors such as they do not require two partners in close proximity or very specific arrangement.

In other embodiments, the substituted naphthalene fluorophores described herein may act as a NIR-IR solvatochromic sensor for monitoring membrane function in living systems, such as those fluorophores that involve structures with increased aromatic groups on a silicon moiety (such as triphenylsilyl), changing the electron donating group, for example to primary amines to give higher quantum yields. However, because reactivity of amines (protonation, oxidation) in general can be problematic, certain embodiments of the naphthalenes may incorporate an alternative electron-releasing/donating group. In other embodiments, solubility of the naphthalene fluorophore may be manipulated, for example by attaching a polar substituent, such as a carboxylic acid, ammonium salt, sulfonic acid group and the like onto the sensor structure. According to other embodiment, extending the conjugated system of the fluorophores herein, as it is believed that more conjugation can lead to shifts to longer wavelengths. For example, in cyanine dyes, every methylene that is added to the chromophore component results in a wavelength that is red-shifted by 100 nm. Still other embodiments may include incorporation of rotationally restricted groups on the fluorophores to increase the quantum yields. In other embodiments, the naphthalene structures may incorporate heterocyclic substituents as recognition elements for molecular imaging.

According to certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides for a functionalized naphthalene fluorophore having a structure: a) 1-(5-(dimethylamino)-2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)ethanone; b) 1-(5-(dimethylamino)-2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one; c) 1-(2,2-bis(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclo-penta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone; d) 1-(2′,2′-dimethyl-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)ethanone; e) 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone; f) 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one; g) 1-(2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-8-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone; h) (8-(dimethylamino)-4-pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,2-diyl)bis(methylene) bis(undec-10-enoate); i) 6-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)hexan-1-one; j) 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)-6-hydroxyhexan-1-one; k) 9-(4-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; l) 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; m) 9-(4-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; n) 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; o) 2-(4-(6-dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-epoxyisoindole-1,3(2H)dione; p) 1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione; q) ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-((1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)propanoate; r) 4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzaldehyde; s) 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; t) methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(4-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanoate; u) 4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl undec-10-enoate; v) 5-(Dimethylamino)-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; w) 6-(Dimethylamino)-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; x) 5-(Dimethylamino)-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; y) 6-(Dimethylamino)-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; z) 5-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; aa) 6-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one; or bb) 8-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one.

As described herein, certain embodiments of the substituted naphthalene fluorophores may be attached to an amino acid residue to provide a modified amino acid that may be incorporated into a peptide or a protein. According to these embodiments, the tagged peptide or protein may then be monitored in vivo or in vitro using fluorescent techniques. According to certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a peptide or protein comprising a modified amino acid residue comprising a substituted naphthalene fluorophore. According to specific embodiments, the modified amino acid residue is 2-(amino)-3-((1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)propanoate or 2-(amino)-3-(4-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanoate, which may be derived from the modified amino acid structures set forth herein. The proteins or peptides comprising the modified amino acid residues may be made using automated synthetic methods, if desired or by other methods known in the art of peptide synthesis.

Still further embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a functionalized naphthalene fluorophore having a structure:

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is a halogen, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or the R³ groups are combined as ═O.

According to specific embodiments of the functionalized naphthalene fluorophores, at least one of the R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ or R⁶ groups may comprise an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, where the NMR active isotope is selected from ²H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F, or ³¹P. According to these embodiments, the labeled fluorophores may be used in NMR spectroscopy for real time monitoring of in vivo or in vitro events, such as events within lipid bilayers and cell membranes.

According to other embodiments of the functionalized naphthalene fluorophores, at least one of the R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ or R⁶ groups may comprise a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, or diphenylphosphino group. As described herein, the presence of heavy atoms, such as, but not limited to, substituted silyl or substituted phosphorous containing groups on the naphthalene fluorophore structure may impact the adsorption or emission characteristics of the fluorophore, such as the Stokes shift, the bathochromic shift or the fluorescence intensity, for example.

According to other embodiments of the functionalized naphthalene fluorophores, at least one of the R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ or R⁶ groups may comprise a fatty acid residue. Naphthalene fluorophores substituted with lipophilic fatty acid-type long alkyl chains may change the solubility of the fluorophore and make the fluorophore more soluble in hydrophobic environments, such as cell membranes. This, in combination with NMR labeling may allow for ready monitoring of intramembrane events with the fluorophore compounds recited herein.

Still other embodiments may provide for methods for monitoring a tagged compound in vivo or in vitro. The method may comprise tagging a biological compound with a functionalized naphthalene fluorophore according to any of the various embodiments describe herein; and monitoring the tagged compound using a spectroscopic technique. For example, in one embodiment the functionalized naphthalene fluorophore may be tagged with an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, where the NMR active isotope is selected from ²H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F, or ³¹P; and monitoring the tagged compound comprises monitoring the tagged compound using NMR spectroscopy. As recited herein, this may allow for monitoring interactions including cellular and intramembrane interactions using NMR spectroscopy. According to other embodiments, the functionalized naphthalene fluorophore may comprise an amino acid residue selected from 2-(amino)-3-((1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)propanoate or 2-(amino)-3-(4-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanoate, and monitoring the tagged compound comprises monitoring the tagged compound using fluorescent spectroscopy, as detailed herein.

According to various embodiments, the present disclosure may provide for a fluorescent sensor. According to these embodiments, the fluorescent sensor may comprise a functionalized, substituted naphthalene having a structure according to the various embodiments described herein. According to certain embodiments, the fluorescent sensor may comprise a functionalized, substituted naphthalene having a structure

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is a halogen or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or the R³ groups are combined as ═O.

Still further embodiments of the present disclosure may include a solvatochromic fluorophore. According to these embodiments, the solvatochromic fluorophore may comprise a functionalized, substituted naphthalene having a structure according to the various embodiments described herein. According to certain embodiments, the solvatochromic fluorophore may comprise a functionalized, substituted naphthalene having a structure

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is a halogen or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, or may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or the R³ groups are combined as ═O.

According to various embodiments of the fluorescent sensor or the solvatochromic fluorophore, the sensor or the solvatochromic fluorophore may have a functionalized, substituted naphthalene structure:

These and other features of the various embodiments of the present disclosure will become more apparent upon consideration of the following examples. The various embodiments of this disclosure described in the following examples are not to be considered as limiting the invention to their details.

Examples General Methods

All commercially available compounds were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., GFS Chemicals, Strem Chemicals, Acros Organics, Alfa Aesar, and Advanced Chemtech and used as received, except for p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide, which was recrystallized from methanol. Amines were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. as purified by redistillation and used as received. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethyl ether (Et₂O), and dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) were purified by passing through alumina using the Sol-Tek ST-002 solvent purification system. Acetonitrile (MeCN) and toluene were freshly distilled from CaH₂ prior to use. Benzene was freshly distilled from sodium/benzophenone prior to use Anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), and 1,4-dioxane were purchased and used as received from Aldrich Chemical Co. Purification of the compounds by flash column chromatography was performed using silica gel (32-63 μm particle size, 60 Å pore size) purchased from Silicycle, or by using a Biotage Horizon flash purification system with either Biotage SNAP KP-SIL silica cartridges, or Teledyne ISCO RediSep Rf normal phase disposable flash columns (40-60 micron). TLC analyses were performed on EMD Chemicals Silica Gel 60 F₂₅₄ glass plates (250 μm thickness). ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance 300 MHz, 500 MHz, or 600 MHz spectrometers. Spectra were referenced to residual chloroform (7.27 ppm, ¹H, 77.0 ppm, ¹³C) or 1,2-dichlorobenzene (6.93 ppm, ¹H, 127.19 ppm, ¹³C). Chemical shifts are reported in ppm, multiplicities are indicated by s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), p (pentet), and m (multiplet). Coupling constants, J, are reported in hertz (Hz). All NMR spectra were obtained at room temperature unless otherwise specified. IR spectra were obtained using a Nicolet Avatar E.S.P. 360 FT-IR. EI mass spectroscopy was performed on a Waters Micromass GCT high resolution mass spectrometer. ES mass spectroscopy was performed on a Waters Q-TOF Ultima API, Micromass UK Limited high resolution mass spectrometer. GC mass spectrometry was performed on a Shimadzu GCMS-17A/QP5050A spectrometer. All microwave-mediated reactions were carried out using a Biotage Initiator™ Exp microwave synthesizer. The microwave parameters were set to variable power, constant temperature, with the fixed hold time set to on. The microwave reactions were carried out in 0.2-0.5 mL, 0.5-2 mL, 2-5 mL, or 10-20 mL Biotage microwave vials. References located after compound names refer to literature protocols for how to prepare these or similar compounds by comparable methodology. Absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded on Lambda 9 spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer) and FluoroMax-3 spectrofluorometer (Jobin Yvon, Horiba), respectively. Fluorescence quantum yields were determined by taking Prodan in DMSO (quantum yield, QY=91%) as a reference. The quantum yield values were corrected for the solvent refractive index. For spectroscopic measurements, 10⁻⁵ M solutions of dyes in 10 mm quartz-cuvettes were used (excitation wavelength was 334 nm; slits open to 2 nm).

Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes

Literature Preparation.

The preparation of N,N-dimethylhexa-4,5-dien-amide (S2) followed the procedure reported by Brummond et al., Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3473.

Hex-5-ynal (4)

To a one-neck 250 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a septum pierced with a needle and a stir bar was added pyridinium chlorochromate (15.6 g, 72.6 mmol) and DCM (133 mL) with stirring. 5-Hexyn-1-ol (4.00 mL, 36.3 mmol) was added all at once via syringe, and the reaction turned dark brown and thick. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h until complete by TLC, followed by addition of Et₂O (100 mL) and silica gel (50 g). The suspension was stirred for 30 min, filtered through a pad of silica gel with Et₂O washings, and then concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the aldehyde 4 as a light yellow oil (2.98 g, 85%). The crude product was carried on without further purification. Compound 4 was previously characterized.

(E)-Hept-1-en-6-yn-1-ylbenzene (S1)

To a flame-dried two-neck 250 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser, an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added sodium hydride (1.26 g of a 60% dispersion in oil, 31.4 mmol). The flask was flushed with argon, and THF (38 mL) was added via syringe with stirring. Diethyl benzylphosphonate (6.00 mL, 28.8 mmol) in THF (19 mL) was added dropwise over 10 min via syringe, and the reaction was stirred for 15 min at rt. Aldehyde 4 (1.26 g, 13.1 mmol) in THF (19 mL) was added dropwise over 10 min via syringe, turning the reaction from cloudy white to yellow. The reaction was heated at reflux for 2 h until it was complete by TLC. The reaction turned dark brown in color while refluxing. Once the reaction was complete by TLC, it was cooled to rt and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride causing precipitation of tan solids. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a crude yellow oil. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g silica cartridge, 0-25% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield enyne S1 as a colorless oil (1.51 g, 68%).

(E)-13-Phenyltrideca-1,2,12-trien-7-yn-6-one (1)

To a flame-dried two-neck round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added enyne S1 (0.225 g, 1.32 mmol) in THF (3.5 mL). The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath, and n-butyllithium (0.76 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 1.22 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction purple. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min, and amide S2 (0.142 g, 1.02 mmol) in THF (3.5 mL) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction yellow. The reaction was stirred for 5 min, followed by dropwise addition of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.16 mL, 1.28 mmol) via syringe. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h until complete by TLC. Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.16 mL, 1.28 mmol) and acetic acid (70 μL, 1.28 mmol) were added sequentially via syringe. The reaction was then warmed to −20° C. and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the product 1 as a light yellow oil (197 mg, 73%).

1-(2,3-Dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)hexa-4,5-dien-1-one (2)

To a 2-5 mL MWI vial equipped with a stir bar was added the ene-allene-yne 1 (50 mg, 0.19 mmol) in o-dichlorobenzene (2.5 mL), and the reaction was irradiated with stirring at 225° C. for 10 min until complete by TLC. The reaction was then transferred directly to a silica gel cartridge and purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 0-3% Et₂O/pentane) to yield 2 as a light yellow oil (34 mg, 68%).

Data for 2 (LSK-2-162)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.42 (m, 2H), 5.27 (p, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.71-4.68 (m, 2H), 3.09-3.01 (m, 6H), 2.51-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.17 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 208.4, 208.2, 143.1, 139.5, 134.6, 133.0, 128.6, 128.1, 125.9, 125.4, 124.0, 89.1, 76.1, 43.5, 32.4, 31.9, 26.2, 22.4 ppm

IR (thin film) 3057, 2951, 2829, 2283, 1954, 1693, 1607, 1575 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 263 (100), 246 (14), 245 (52), 206 (10), 205 (23), 195 (27), 193 (10), 167 (4)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₉O, 263.1436; found, 263.1436

N′-(1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)hexa-4,5-dien-1-ylidene)-4-methylbenzene-sulfonohydrazide (3)

To a flame-dried one-neck 1 mL flask was added p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (0.015 g, 0.080 mmol). The flask was equipped with a septum and purged with argon. Naphthalene 2 (0.021 g, 0.080 mmol) in absolute ethanol (0.25 mL) was added all at once with stirring, and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (5 μL, 0.060 mmol) was added, and the reaction became yellow in color. The reaction remained heating at reflux for 4 h, was let cool to rt, and was stirred at rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then taken up in DCM and washed with brine (1×). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to produce a yellow solid. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield naphthalene 3 as a white solid (0.016 g, 47% yield). The product still contained some unknown impurity by ¹H NMR.

Data for 3 (LSK-2-170)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.72 (m, 3H), 7.42 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (p, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.63-4.59 (m, 2H), 3.07 (t, J=7.5, Hz, 2H), 2.67-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.33-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.02 (m, 2H) ppm

General Procedure A: Acylation of Alkynes

To a flame-dried two-neck round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added enyne (1.3 equiv) in THF (0.40 M). The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath, and n-butyllithium (1.2 equiv) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min, and amide (1.0 equiv) in THF (0.30 M) was added dropwise via syringe. The reaction was stirred for 5 min, followed by dropwise addition of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (1.25 equiv) via syringe. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. until complete by TLC. Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (1.25 equiv) and acetic acid (1.25 equiv) were added sequentially via syringe. The reaction was then warmed to −20° C. and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography.

(E)-9-Phenylnon-8-en-3-yn-2-one (5a)

Follows general procedure A: enyne S1 (0.495 g, 2.91 mmol), THF (8 mL), n-butyllithium (1.7 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 2.69 mmol), N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.21 mL, 2.24 mmol), THF (8 mL), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.35 mL, 2.80 mmol), and acetic acid (0.16 mL, 2.80 mmol). The reaction turned yellow upon addition of n-butyllithium, and turned orange upon addition of acetic acid. The reaction was complete after 3 h. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product 5a as a yellow oil (0.329 g, 69%).

1-(2,3-Dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (6a)

To a 0.5-2 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5a (0.020 g, 0.094 mmol) in DCE (1.6 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 30 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned golden in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under vacuum to yield naphthalene 6a as a black oil (0.020 g, quant.).

Data for 6a (LSK-3-046)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.82-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.09-3.04 (m, 4H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.17 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 206.3, 143.2, 139.8, 134.7, 133.1, 128.4, 128.1, 126.0, 125.4, 124.4, 124.2, 32.4, 32.2, 32.1, 26.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 3023, 3060, 2949, 2853, 2210, 1689, 1597, 1499 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 211 (28), 209 (15), 196 (18), 195 (100), 191 (83), 169 (12), 167 (6)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₅O, 211.1123; found, 211.1154

(E)-1-Chloro-4-(hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (S3)

(Paquette, L. A. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 78) To a flame-dried two-neck 100 mL round-bottom flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added diethyl 4-chlorobenzylphosphonate (2.54 mL, 11.5 mmol) and THF (29 mL) with stirring. The solution was cooled in an ice bath, and n-butyllithium (7.80 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 12.5 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe over 10 min, turning the reaction brown. After stirring for 30 min, aldehyde 4 (0.500 g, 5.21 mmol) in THF (18 mL) was added dropwise via syringe over 10 min. The reaction was stirred for 30 min in the ice bath, the ice bath was removed, and then the reaction was warmed to rt and stirred for 3 h. The reaction became darker in color. The reaction was slowly quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride, causing the solution to become yellow and to precipitate tan solids. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 2-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield enyne S3 as a yellow oil (0.632 g, 60%).

(E)-9-(4-Chlorophenyl)non-8-en-3-yn-2-one (5b)

Follows general procedure A: enyne S3 (0.904 g, 4.43 mmol), THF (12 mL), n-butyllithium (2.56 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 4.09 mmol), N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.32 mL, 3.41 mmol), THF (12 mL), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.53 mL, 4.26 mmol), and acetic acid (0.24 mL, 4.26 mmol). The reaction was complete after 3 h. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the product 5b as a yellow oil (0.729 g, 87%).

Data for 5b (LSK-3-053)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.27 (s, 4H), 6.38 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dt, J=6.8, 15.8 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.77 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 184.8, 135.9, 132.7, 130.0, 129.7, 128.7 (2C), 127.2 (2C), 93.3, 81.8, 32.8, 31.9, 27.2, 18.4 ppm

IR (thin film) 3026, 2936, 2855, 2835, 2210, 1674, 1585, 1490, 1090 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 248 (42), 246 (100), 230 (40), 228 (56), 204 (50), 202 (98), 194 (18), 193 (60), 192 (35), 168 (33), 167 (26), 166 (15)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₆OCl, 247.0890; found, 247.0914

1-(6-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (6b)

To a 2-5 mL, microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5b (0.028 g, 0.12 mmol) in DCE (2.1 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 200 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned golden in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under vacuum to yield naphthalene 6b as a brown oil (0.027 g, quant.).

Data for 6b (LSK-3-057)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.80 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=1.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.18 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 205.4, 143.6, 141.2, 133.8, 131.9, 131.3, 129.4, 129.0, 126.3, 124.2, 123.5, 32.4, 32.3, 32.1, 26.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 2952, 2884, 2839, 2206, 1688, 1597, 1489, 1088 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS EI+) m/z (%): 246 (18), 244 (47), 231 (38), 229 (100), 201 (28), 191 (20), 166 (35), 165 (75), 63 (20)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₄OCl, 245.0733; found 245.0743

Literature Preparation.

Diethyl 2-chlorobenzylphosphonate (S4) was prepared from 1-(bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene and triethyl phosphite via the procedure reported by Luscombe (Doubina, N.; Paniagua, S. A.; Soldatova, A. V.; Jen, A. K. Y.; Marder, S. R.; Luscombe C. K. Macromolecules 2011, 44, 512).

1-Chloro-2-(hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (S5)

An oven-dried 250 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with 3-chlorobenzylphosphonate (3.9 g, 15 mmol) and THF (60 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (12 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 19 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min via syringe. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then aldehyde 4 (1.0 g, 10 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added. The solution was warmed to rt and was stirred for 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (70 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 1.11 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 54% yield.

9-(2-Chlorophenyl)non-8-en-3-yn-2-one (5c)

An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with enyne S5 (1.11 g, 5.4 mmol) and THF (25 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (3.37 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 5.4 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 40 min, then N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.55 mL, 5.9 mmol) and BF₃.Et₂O (0.74 mL, 5.9 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for an additional 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.2:9.8). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (35 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.2:9.8 to 1:9, to provide 0.67 g of the title compound as a yellow oil in a 50% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dt, J=15.7, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.79 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 184.9, 135.6, 132.7, 132.0, 129.7, 128.3, 127.6, 126.9, 126.8, 93.5, 81.9, 32.9, 32.2, 27.2, 18.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 3061, 2933, 2862, 2210, 1647, 1437, 1230 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₆ClO, 247.0890; found 247.0874

1-(8-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (6c)

A microwave irradiation vial (10-20 mL) was equipped with a sir bar (1.5 cm) and was charged with compound 5c (0.20 g, 0.81 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (13.5 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 3 h, turning gold in color. The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a yellow solid in a 86% yield (0.17 g).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.19 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 206.0, 144.9, 140.5, 135.2, 132.2, 130.4, 129.7, 125.9, 125.8, 123.6, 120.6, 32.8, 32.3, 32.1, 26.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 2952, 1690, 1410, 1350, 1187 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₄ClO, 245.0733; found 245.0719

Literature preparation.

Diethyl 3-chlorobenzylphosphonate (S6) prepared from 1-(bromomethyl)-3-chlorobenzene and triethyl phosphite via the procedure reported by Luscombe.

1-Chloro-3-(hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (S7)

An oven-dried 250 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with 3-chlorobenzylphosphonate S6 (4.74 g, 18 mmol) and THF (60 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (12 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 19 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min via syringe. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then aldehyde 4 (1.0 g, 10 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added. The reaction was warmed to rt and was stirred for 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (70 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 1.9 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 93% yield.

9-(3-Chlorophenyl)non-8-en-3-yn-2-one (5d)

An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with enyne S7 (0.7 g, 3.4 mmol) and THF (40 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then LDA (2 mL of a 2.0 M heptane/THF/ethylbenzene solution, 4.0 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (0.4 mL, 3.7 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to rt and was stirred for 4 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (70 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1.5:8.5, to provide 0.52 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 60% yield.

Data for 5d (EB-026)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.19 (td, J=7.2, 2.2 Hz, 3H), 6.37 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.31-6.04 (m, 1H), 2.42 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 5H), 1.76 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 184.9, 139.4, 134.6, 130.7, 130.0, 129.9, 127.2, 126.0, 124.4, 93.4, 81.9, 32.9, 32.0, 27.3, 18.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 2934, 2210, 1674, 1229, 964 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₆ClO, 247.0890; found 247.0886

1-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (6d) and 1-(5-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (6d′)

A 10-20 mL microwave irradiation vial was equipped with a sir bar and was charged with compound 5d (0.2 g, 0.81 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (13.5 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 3 h, turning gold in color. The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9 to collect the pure products. The title compounds were isolated as a 1.4:1 mixture of inseparable isomers in a 79% yield.

Data for 6d and 6d′ (EB-028)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.73-7.58 (m, 2H major isomer and 2H minor isomer), 7.53 (s, 1H major isomer), 7.44 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H minor isomer), 7.35-7.21 (m, 1H major isomer and 1H minor isomer), 3.02-2.97 (m, 4H major isomer and 4H minor isomer), 2.60 (s, 3H, minor isomer), 2.59 (s, 3H, major isomer), 2.14-2.06 (m, 2H major isomer and 2H minor isomer) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 206.7 (minor isomer), 205.5 (major isomer), 144.6 (major isomer), 144.0 (major isomer), 141.3 (minor isomer), 140.3 (major isomer), 135.1 (major isomer), 134.7 (minor isomer), 134.6 (1C major isomer and 1C minor isomer), 133.9 (major isomer), 131.2 (major isomer), 129.4 (minor isomer), 127.7 (minor isomer), 127.5 (major isomer), 126.7 (major isomer), 126.7 (minor isomer), 126.3 (minor isomer), 126.0 (major isomer), 125.4 (minor isomer), 124.0 (minor isomer), 123.4 (major isomer), 33.7 (minor isomer), 32.4 (minor isomer), 32.4 (major isomer), 32.2 (major isomer), 32.1 (major isomer), 31.6 (minor isomer), 26.1 (major isomer), 25.8 (minor isomer) ppm

IR (thin film) 2949, 1969, 1598, 1418, 1142 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₄ClO, 245.0733; found 245.0728

(E)-1,8-Diphenyloct-7-en-2-yn-1-one (5e)

(Cacchi, S. et al. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 2629) To a flame-dried two-neck 10 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (0.012 g, 0.017 mmol), THF (3 mL), triethylamine (0.14 mL, 1.03 mmol), and benzoyl chloride (0.12 mL, 1.03 mmol). The solution was stirred for 10 min at rt, and copper(I) iodide (0.007 g, 0.034 mmol) was added all at once through the sidearm turning the reaction from cloudy yellow to clear orange. The reaction was stirred for 10 min, and enyne S1 (0.146 g, 0.86 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added all at once via syringe. The reaction was stirred for 3 h until complete by TLC, in which time the reaction became cloudy and yellow. Water was added to the reaction, and the aqueous layer was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with 1 M hydrochloric acid, sat'd aq ammonium chloride, and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product 5e as a yellow oil (0.168 g, 71%).

Data for 5e (LSK-3-042)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.16 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dt, J=7.1, 15.8 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 178.2, 137.5, 136.9, 134.0, 131.3, 129.6 (2C), 128.9, 128.6 (2C), 128.5 (2C), 127.2, 126.1 (2C), 96.3, 80.1, 32.1, 27.5, 18.7 ppm

IR (thin film) 3080, 3059, 3025, 2935, 2851, 2234, 2200, 1642, 1596, 1579, 1492, 1449, 742 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 275 (65), 274 (35), 257 (100), 258 (29), 242 (18), 215 (12)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₀H₁₉O, 275.1436; found, 275.1380

(2,3-Dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)(phenyl)methanone (6e)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5e (0.050 g, 0.18 mmol) in DCE (3.0 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 90 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned golden in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under vacuum to yield naphthalene 6e as a black oil (0.050 g, quant.).

Data for 6e (LSK-3-050)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.72 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.33 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 199.3, 143.1, 141.3, 137.7, 133.7, 133.0, 132.3, 130.0, 129.9 (2C), 128.8, 125.8, 125.4, 125.1, 124.0, 32.4, 31.8, 26.0 ppm

IR (thin film) 3080, 3059, 3023, 2950, 2835, 1664, 1595, 1448, 749 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS EI+) m/z (%): 272 (100), 271 (50), 257 (22), 255 (26), 253 (22), 167 (19), 165 (50), 152 (20), 105 (15), 77 (20)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₀H₁₇O, 273.1279; found, 273.1301

(E)-(7-(Methylsulfonyl)hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (5f)

(Saberi, S. P. et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 167) To a flame-dried two-neck 25 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added enyne S1 (0.400 g, 2.35 mmol) and THF (5 mL) via syringe. The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath, and n-butyllithium (1.53 mL, 2.44 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction pink. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.19 mL, 2.40 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction yellow. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min, and was then warmed to rt and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride, and the aqueous layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (5×), and the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g silica cartridge, 0-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product 5f as a colorless oil (0.101 g, 17%).

Data for 5f (LSK-3-013)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.36 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dt, J=7.4, 15.7 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.48 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 137.2, 131.6, 128.6 (2C), 128.3, 127.3, 126.1 (2C), 95.2, 77.7, 46.7, 31.9, 26.6, 18.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 3084, 3043, 3024, 2925, 2847, 2200, 1596, 1492, 1320, 1147, 771 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 250 (10), 249 (100), 231 (20), 219 (36), 186 (22), 185 (36), 168 (22)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₇O₂S, 249.0949; found, 249.0939

4-(Methylsulfonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene (6f)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5f (0.050 g, 0.20 mmol) in o-dichlorobenzene (2.3 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 225° C. for 20 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned golden in color. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (14 g silica cartridge, 0-15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield naphthalene 6f as a colorless oil (0.038 g, 78%).

Data for 6f (LSK-3-019)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.86 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 3.08 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 147.7, 144.2, 133.8, 130.4, 129.0, 128.8, 128.7, 127.5, 126.0, 124.1, 44.7, 34.6, 32.2, 25.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3015, 2957, 2933, 2876, 2839, 1607, 1495, 1302, 1134 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 247 (100), 246 (28), 168 (75), 166 (15)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₅O₂S, 247.0793; found, 247.0762

(E)-(7-(4-Chlorophenyl)hept-6-en-1-yn-1-yl)(phenyl)sulfane (S8)

(Corlay, H. et al. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3303.) To a flame-dried two-neck 50 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added enyne S3 (0.465 g, 2.23 mmol) in THF (21 mL). The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath and n-butyllithium (1.68 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 2.68 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction yellow. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, and then diphenyl disulfide (0.681 g, 3.12 mmol) in THF (5.5 mL) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction colorless. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min, and then was warmed to rt and stirred for 3 h turning the reaction yellow. The reaction was diluted with water and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (3×), and the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (40 g silica cartridge, pentane) to yield sulfide S8 as a yellow oil (0.636 g, 91%).

(E)-1-Chloro-4-(7-(phenylsulfonyl)hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (5g)

(Trost, B. M.; Curran, D. P. Tet. Lett. 1981, 22, 1287) To a scintillation vial equipped with a stir bar was added sulfide S8 (0.139 g, 0.45 mmol) in methanol (1.6 mL) and THF (1.6 mL). The solution was cooled in an ice bath, and oxone (0.479 g, 3.15 mmol) in water (1.6 mL) was added dropwise via pipette with vigorous stirring causing the reaction to turn white and cloudy. The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 days, and was then diluted with water (3 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with DCM (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (4 g silica cartridge, 0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield sulfone 5g as a pink oil (45 mg, 29%).

Data for 5g (LSK-3-185)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.02 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (dt, J=7.4, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (m, 4H), 6.32 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (dt, J=7.0, 15.8 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 142.1, 135.8, 134.0, 132.8, 130.4, 129.3 (2C), 129.0, 128.7 (2C), 127.2 (2C), 127.2 (2C), 97.2, 78.7, 31.8, 26.4, 18.3 ppm

IR (thin film) 3063, 3023, 2933, 2868, 2200, 1585, 1489, 1328, 1160, 756, 728 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 346 (60), 316 (55), 282 (74), 220 (75), 203 (100)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M−H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₆O₂SCl, 343.0560; found, 343.0562

6-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene (6g)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5g (0.045 g, 0.13 mmol) in DCE (2.2 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 15 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned light yellow in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under vacuum to yield naphthalene 6g as a white solid (0.040 g, 89%).

Data for 6g (LSK-3-204)

MP Decomposes at 140° C.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.94 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.40 (dd, J=1.9, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (p, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 149.3, 144.5, 142.8, 133.3, 133.0, 132.0, 129.7, 129.7, 129.4, 129.1 (2C), 128.9, 126.8, 126.4 (2C), 123.7, 35.1, 32.1, 25.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 3065, 2961, 2921, 2859, 1623, 1599, 1487, 1305, 1154, 754, 719 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+) m/z (%): 342 (100), 307 (12), 265 (18), 243 (75), 202 (45), 200 (25)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₆O₂SCl, 343.0560; found, 343.0548

(E)-1-Chloro-4-(7-(phenylsulfinyl)hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (5h)

To a scintillation vial equipped with a stir bar was added sulfide S8 (0.075 g, 0.24 mmol) in methanol (0.85 mL) and THF (0.85 mL). The solution was cooled in an ice bath, and oxone (0.110 g, 0.72 mmol) in water (0.85 mL) was added dropwise via pipette with vigorous stirring causing the reaction to turn white and cloudy. The reaction was stirred at rt for 13 h, and was then diluted with water (2 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with DCM (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10 g silica cartridge, 0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield sulfoxide 5h as a colorless oil (38 mg, 48%).

Data for 5h (LSK-3-186)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.83-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.54 (m, 3H), 7.26 (s, 4H), 6.33 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (dt, J=6.8, 16.0 Hz, 1H), 2.49 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (p, J=7.0 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 144.4, 135.9, 132.7, 131.6, 130.1, 129.5 (2C), 129.5 (2C), 128.7 (2C), 127.2 (2C), 124.9 (2C), 105.4, 78.9, 31.8, 27.0, 19.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 3057, 3025, 2932, 2862, 2180, 1646, 1593, 1489, 1088, 800, 749 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+) m/z (%): 327 (55), 310 (100), 275 (12)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₈OSCl, 329.0767; found, 329.0745

6-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfinyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene (6h)

To a 0.5-2 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5h (0.036 g, 0.11 mmol) in DCE (1.8 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 60 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned golden in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under vacuum to yield naphthalene xx as a golden oil (0.027 g, 75%).

Data for 6h (LSK-3-190)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.37 (m, 4H), 3.52-3.41 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.09 (m, 1H), 3.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.23-2.11 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 147.5, 144.4, 143.9, 132.5, 132.3, 132.0, 130.6, 130.0, 129.7, 129.0 (2C), 126.8, 126.7, 124.3 (2C), 122.7, 31.9, 31.5, 25.8 ppm

IR (thin film) 3057, 2949, 2921, 2847, 1595, 1487, 1441, 1084, 1043, 746 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 327 (100), 309 (50)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₆OSCl, 327.0610; found, 327.0617

(E)-Diethyl (7-(4-chlorophenyl)hept-6-en-1-yn-1-yl)phosphonate (5i)

(Knierzinger, A. et al. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 517.) To a flame-dried two-neck 5 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added enyne S3 (0.150 g, 0.74 mmol) in THF (2.5 mL). The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath and n-butyllithium (0.69 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 1.10 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction amber. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1.5 h, and then diethyl chlorophosphate (0.13 mL, 0.89 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction golden. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, and then was warmed to −20° C. and poured into sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (5 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10 g silica cartridge, 0-80% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product 5i as a yellow oil (0.056 g, 22%).

Data for 5i (LSK-4-001)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.27 (s, 4H), 6.38 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (dt, J=7.0, 15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 2.41 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.78 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.38 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 135.8, 132.6, 130.0, 129.4, 128.6 (2C), 127.2 (2C), 102.3 (d, J=53.0 Hz), 70.9 (d, J=301 Hz), 62.9 (d, J=5 Hz), 31.8, 26.9 (d, J=5 Hz), 18.6 (d, J=4 Hz), 16.0 (d, J=8 Hz) ppm

IR (thin film) 2983, 2934, 2896, 2203, 1650, 1489, 1263, 1026, 751 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 341 (100), 283 (12), 203 (38), 155 (21)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₇H₂₃O₃PCl, 341.1073; found, 341.1078

Diethyl (6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)phosphonate (6i)

To a 0.5-2 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5i (0.034 g, 0.10 mmol) in o-dichlorobenzene (1.7 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 225° C. for 150 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned golden in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under vacuum to yield naphthalene 6i as an amber oil (0.034 g, quant.).

Data for 6i (LSK-4-010)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.85 (s, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.00 (m, 4H), 3.48 (dt, J=2.5, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 153.6 (d, J=11 Hz), 143.6 (d, J=16 Hz), 133.6 (d, J=13 Hz), 132.3, 131.2 (d, J=12 Hz), 130.5, 129.4, 127.7, 127.4 (d, J=3 Hz), 126.2, 125.8 (d, J=3 Hz), 61.8 (d, J=5 Hz), 35.2, 32.3, 25.6, 16.3 (d, J=6 Hz) ppm

IR (thin film) 3080, 2979, 2900, 1621, 1598, 1488, 1238 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 339 (100), 338 (95), 311 (73), 303 (65), 283 (72)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₇H₂₁O₃PCl, 339.0917; found, 339.0928

(E)-8-(4-Chlorophenyl)oct-7-en-2-ynal (5j)

To a flame-dried two-neck 10 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added enyne S3 (0.203 g, 1.00 mmol) and THF (2.7 mL) via syringe. The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath, and n-butyllithium (0.63 mL, 1.00 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction brown. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min, and N,N-dimethylformamide (0.15 mL, 2.00 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction colorless. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min, and was then warmed to rt and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was added to a cold solution of ethyl acetate (3 mL) and 10% KH₂PO₄ (6 mL) and stirred for 30 min. The aqueous layer was separated and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product 5j as a colorless oil (0.128 g, 55%).

Data for 5j (LSK-4-028)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 9.19 (s, 1H), 7.27 (s, 4H), 6.39 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (dt, J=6.6, 15.9 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 177.0, 135.8, 132.5, 129.9, 129.4, 128.5, 127.1, 98.4, 81.9, 31.7, 26.9, 18.4 ppm

6-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-4-carbaldehyde (6j)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5j (0.035 g, 0.15 mmol) in DCE (2.5 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 45 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned golden in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under vacuum to yield naphthalene 6j as a golden sticky solid (0.029 g, 83%).

Data for 6j (LSK-4-015)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 10.75 (s, 1H), 9.19 (s, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 192.0, 153.4, 143.9, 134.2, 131.5, 130.6, 129.3, 128.7, 127.2, 126.8, 124.6, 123.9, 31.7, 31.4, 25.7 ppm

(E)-Methyl 8-phenyloct-7-en-2-ynoate (5k)

(Michaelides, I. N.; Darses, B.; Dixon, D. J. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 664.) To a flame-dried two-neck 10 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added enyne S1 (0.250 g, 1.47 mmol) and THF (3 mL) via syringe. The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath, and n-butyllithium (1.0 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 1.62 mmol) was added dropwise turning the reaction purple. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min, then methyl chloroformate (0.15 mL, 1.91 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction yellow. The reaction was stirred for 1 h at −78° C., then warmed to rt over 3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride, and the aqueous layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (2×), and the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 2-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product 5k as a colorless oil (0.263 g, 79%).

Data for 5k (LSK-3-052)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.34 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (dt, J=7.1, 16.1 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.78 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 154.2, 137.5, 131.2, 128.9, 128.6 (2C), 127.1, 126.1 (2C), 89.4, 73.3, 52.6, 31.9, 27.1, 18.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 3084, 3051, 3025, 2949, 2863, 2831, 2235, 1712, 1597, 1492, 1254, 748 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 229 (93), 228 (15), 227 (10), 197 (41), 196 (51), 170 (27), 169 (100)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₇O₂, 229.1229; found, 229.1228

Methyl 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-4-carboxylate (6k)

To a 10-20 ml, microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5k (0.150 g, 0.66 mmol) in o-dichlorobenzene (11 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 225° C. for 90 min until complete by TLC. The reaction turned golden in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial and concentrated under high vacuum to yield naphthalene 6k as a black oil (0.144 g, 97%).

Data for 6k (LSK-3-087)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.24 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dp, J=1.3, 8.2 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.21 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (dt, J=1.0, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 169.2, 144.9, 143.0, 133.1, 129.9, 127.9, 126.2, 125.7, 125.4, 125.1, 124.6, 51.9, 33.4, 32.6, 25.8 ppm

IR (thin film) 3051, 3002, 2950, 2835, 1609, 1716, 1228 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS EI+) m/z (%): 227 (5), 195 (10), 166 (22), 83 (100), 82 (74), 70 (65), 62 (61)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M] calcd for C₁₅H₁₄O₂, 226.0994; found, 226.0998

Literature preparation.

The preparation of hept-6-yn-1-ol (S10) from hept-3-yn-1-ol (S9) followed the procedure reported by Curran, et al. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 2942.

Hept-6-ynal (S11)

To a one-neck 50 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a septum pierced with a needle and a stir bar, was added pyridinium chlorochromate (2.31 g, 10.7 mmol) and DCM (20 mL) with stirring. Alcohol S10 (0.600 g, 5.35 mmol) was added all at once via syringe, and the reaction turned dark brown and thick. The reaction was stirred at rt for 3.5 h until complete by TLC, followed by addition of Et₂O (25 mL) and silica gel (10 g). The suspension was stirred for 30 min, filtered through a pad of silica gel with Et₂O washings, and then concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the aldehyde xx as a yellow oil (0.478 g, 81%). The crude product was carried on without further purification. Compound S11 was previously characterized.

(E)-Oct-1-en-7-yn-1-ylbenzene (S12)

To a flame-dried two-neck 25 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser, an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added sodium hydride (0.399 g of a 60% dispersion in oil, 9.98 mmol). The flask was flushed with argon, and THF (12 mL) was added via syringe with stirring. Diethyl benzylphosphonate (1.90 mL, 9.11 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added dropwise over 5 min via syringe, and the reaction was stirred for 15 min at rt. Aldehyde S11 (0.478 g, 4.34 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added dropwise over 5 min via syringe, turning the reaction from cloudy white to light yellow. The reaction was heated at reflux for 4 h until it was complete by TLC. The reaction turned dark brown in color while refluxing. Once the reaction was complete by TLC, it was cooled to rt and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride causing precipitation of tan solids. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a crude yellow oil. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 0-25% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield enyne S12 as a yellow oil (0.157 g, 20%).

(E)-10-Phenyldec-9-en-3-yn-2-one (5l)

Follows general procedure A: enyne S12 (0.132 g, 0.72 mmol), THF (2 mL), n-butyllithium (0.41 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 0.66 mmol), N,N-dimethylacetamide (56 μL, 0.60 mmol), THF (2 mL), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.1 mL, 0.75 mmol), and acetic acid (43 μL, 0.75 mmol). The reaction was complete after 3 h. After addition of the amide the reaction turned yellow. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the product 5l as a colorless oil (0.093 g, 68%).

Data for 5l (LSK-3-123)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.37-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.21 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (dt, J=6.7, 15.9 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.26 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.58 (m, 4H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 185.0, 137.6, 130.4, 130.1, 128.5 (2C), 127.0, 126.0 (2C), 93.8, 81.6, 32.8, 32.4, 28.5, 27.2, 18.8 ppm

IR (thin film) 3085, 3056, 3025, 2935, 2859, 2210, 1674, 1598, 1493, 745 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 227 (100), 226 (52), 211 (10), 209 (12), 183 (9)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₁₉O, 227.1436; found, 227.1420

1-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroanthracen-9-yl)ethanone (6l)

To a 10 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5l (0.042 g, 0.19 mmol) in o-dichlorobenzene (3.1 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 300° C. for 50 min in an Anton Parr Monowave 300 microwave reactor until complete by TLC. The reaction turned light brown in color. The reaction was then transferred to a vial and concentrated under high vacuum to yield naphthalene 6l as a brown oil (0.044 g, quant.).

Data for 6l (LSK-3-141)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.78-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.38 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.98 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 1.90-1.86 (m, 4H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 209.0, 138.7, 135.9, 131.8, 130.5, 127.8, 127.6, 127.3, 125.9, 125.4, 123.6, 32.9, 30.1, 27.0, 23.0, 22.8 ppm

IR (thin film) 3055, 2933, 2859, 2831, 1698, 1596, 1498 cm⁻¹

LRMS (ASAP MSMS) m/z (%): 224 (100), 225 (81), 210 (12), 209 (49)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₁₇O, 225.1279; found, 225.1282

Literature Preparation.

Diethyl 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (S13) was prepared from triethyl methanetricarboxylate through a procedure previously reported by Brummond et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 15186. (E)-1-(3-Bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-chlorobenzene (S14) was prepared from 2-chlorobenzaldehyde via the procedure reported by Feringa, et al. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004, 346, 413.

Diethyl 2-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (S15)

An oven-dried, 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with diethyl 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate S13 (1.8 g, 9.1 mmol), (E)-1-(3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-chlorobenzene S14 (2.1 g, 11.0 mmol), and THF (60 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then NaH (0.43 g of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 11.0 mmol) was added in one portion. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5). The reaction was then quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (70 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with AcOEt (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 2.55 g of the title compound as a yellow oil in 81% yield.

Diethyl 2-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2-(4-oxopent-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (5m)

An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound enyne S15 (0.5 g, 1.4 mmol) and THF (20 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then LDA (0.7 mL of 2.0 M heptane/THF/ethylbenzene solution, 1.4 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (0.16 mL, 1.54 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to rt and was stirred for 4 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (40 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8, to provide 0.47 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in 86% yield.

Data for 5m (EB-079)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.53 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (dt, J=15.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 3.11 (s, 2H), 3.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.36 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 183.9, 169.2 (2C), 134.9, 132.7, 131.3, 129.6, 128.7, 126.9, 126.9, 125.9, 87.7, 83.6, 62.1 (2C), 56.8, 36.3, 32.9, 23.4, 14.1 (2C) ppm

IR (thin film) 2982, 2936, 2213, 1734, 1679, 1203 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₄O₅Cl, 391.1312; found, 391.1299

Diethyl 4-acetyl-8-chloro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,2(3H)-dicarboxylate (6m)

A microwave irradiation vial (10-20 mL) was equipped with a sir bar (1.5 cm) and was charged with compound 5m (0.3 g, 0.77 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (12.8 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 30 min, turning gold in color. The reaction was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a yellow oil in quant. yield (0.298 g). Small traces of contaminants were observed.

Data for 6m (EB-081)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.17 (m, 4H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 1.38-1.13 (m, 6H)

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 205.0, 170.9 (2C), 140.5, 136.7, 135.4, 132.3, 130.7, 130.0, 126.3, 126.3, 123.7, 121.0, 62.1 (2C), 60.9, 40.1, 39.4, 32.3, 14.1 (2C)

IR (thin film) 2981, 2935, 1731, 1697, 1253, 1185 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₂O₅Cl, 389.1156; found, 389.1166

Literature preparation.

The preparation of (E)-(3-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene (S16) followed the procedure reported by Lee et al. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 4369.

4-(Cinnamyloxy)-1-phenylbut-2-yn-1-one (5n)

To a flame-dried two-neck 50 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (0.024 g, 0.034 mmol), THF (6 mL), triethylamine (0.29 mL, 2.06 mmol), and benzoyl chloride (0.24 mL, 2.06 mmol). The solution was stirred for 10 min at rt, and copper(I) iodide (0.013 g, 0.069 mmol) was added all at once through the sidearm turning the reaction from cloudy yellow to clear orange. The reaction was stirred for 10 min, and enyne S16 (0.296 g, 1.72 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added all at once via syringe. The reaction was stirred for 4 h until complete by TLC, in which time the reaction became cloudy and orange. Water was added to the reaction, and the aqueous layer was separated and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with 1 M hydrochloric acid, sat'd aq ammonium chloride, and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product 5n as a yellow oil (0.330 g, 69%).

Data for 5n (LSK-3-096)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.16 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dt, J=6.2, 16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.35 (dd, J=1.2, 6.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 177.5, 136.4, 136.3, 143.4, 134.0, 129.7 (2C), 128.7 (2C), 128.7 (2C), 128.1, 126.6 (2C), 124.5, 90.3, 84.2, 70.9, 57.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 3076, 3059, 3027, 2933, 2850, 2226, 1645, 1596, 1493, 1262, 745 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+) m/z (%): 276 (39), 275 (100), 258 (9), 257 (22), 245 (8)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₇O₂, 277.1229; found 277.1216

1-(1,3-Dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-yl)ethanone (6n) and 1-(1,3,9,9a-tetrahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-yl)ethanone (7n)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5n (0.054 g, 0.20 mmol) in DCE (3.3 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 30 min to yield a mixture of products 6n, 7n, and other unidentified byproducts, as observed by crude ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The crude mixture was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10 g silica cartridge, 0-15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield 6n (0.015 g, 28%) and 7n (0.008 g, 15%).

Data for 6n (LSK-3-022-001, 28% yield)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.90 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 3H), 7.68 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.38 (m, 4H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 197.9, 138.0, 137.4, 137.3, 134.0, 133.4, 130.5, 129.9 (2C), 129.2, 128.9 (2C), 128.4, 126.7, 126.2, 125.6, 121.5 72.7, 72.3 ppm

IR (thin film) 3061, 3019, 2921, 2852, 1765, 1662, 1578, 1233, 1055, 751 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+) m/z (%): 274 (100), 273 (80), 259 (71), 245 (41), 231 (45)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M] calcd for C₁₉H₁₄O₂, 274.0994, found: 274.0957

Data for 7n (LSK-3-022-002, 15% yield)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.82 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 7.27-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (dd, J=1.6, 16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (dd, J=2.8, 16.0 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.25-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.00 (dd, J=6.4, 14.8 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (t, J=15.2 Hz, 1H) ppm

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 196.9, 150.5, 137.0, 133.9, 133.4, 129.9, 129.6 (2C), 128.9, 128.7 (2C), 128.2, 127.6, 127.0, 126.0, 74.0, 69.5, 41.1, 31.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 3061, 3025, 2921, 2851, 1723, 1663, 1595, 1449, 1230, 1042 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+) m/z (%): 277 (5), 276 (100), 275 (40), 261 (25),

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M] calcd for C₁₉H₁₆O₂, 276.1150; found, 276.1126

Literature preparation.

The preparation of 4-methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (S17) followed the procedure reported by Gilbertson et al., J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 799.

N-Cinnamyl-4-methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (S18)

(Sylvester, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 8772) To a flame-dried two-neck 100 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added alkyne S17 (1.30 g, 6.22 mmol) and anhydrous potassium carbonate (3.44 g, 24.9 mmol). The flask was flushed with argon, and then MeCN (65 mL) was added with stirring. Cinnamyl bromide (1.84 mL, 12.4 mmol) was added dropwise, turning the reaction yellow. The reaction was heated at reflux for 18 h, and then cooled to rt. The MeCN was then removed by concentration under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in sat'd aq sodium bicarbonate and extracted with Et₂O (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g silica cartridge, 0-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the enyne S18 as a light yellow solid (1.90 g, 94%), previously characterized (Gibson, et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2007, 13, 709).

N-Cinnamyl-4-methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (5o)

Follows general procedure A: enyne S18 (1.25 g, 3.84 mmol), THF (10 mL), n-butyllithium (2.2 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 2.55 mmol), N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.27 mL, 2.96 mmol), THF (10 mL), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.46 mL, 3.69 mmol), and acetic acid (0.21 mL, 3.69 mmol). The reaction turned purple and then golden after the addition of n-butyllithium, and orange after the addition of acetic acid. The reaction was complete after 3 h. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (100 g silica cartridge, 0-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the product 5o as a white solid (0.485 g, 45% yield).

Data for 5o (LSK-3-017)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.78 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.28 (m, 7H), 6.57 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dt, J=6.9, 15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 183.3, 144.1, 135.9, 135.6, 135.4, 129.8 (2C), 128.7 (2C), 128.3, 127.8 (2C), 126.6 (2C), 122.5, 84.8, 84.3, 49.3, 36.1, 32.4, 21.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3060, 3028, 2921, 2859, 2255, 2209, 1679, 1597, 1494, 1349, 1222, 1162, 755, 736 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 367 (7), 366 (20), 365 (31), 364 (100), 352 (12), 198 (15), 195 (63), 155 (25)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₂NO₃S, 368.1276, found: 368.1309

1-(2-Tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-4-yl)ethanone (6o) and 1-(2-Tosyl-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-4-yl)ethanone (7o)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added enyne 5o (0.051 g, 0.14 mmol) in DCE (2.3 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 10 min to yield the products 6o and 7o (0.044 g, 86%). Based on ¹H NMR analysis the ratio of 6o to 7o was 1:1.8. Naphthalene 6o was not separable from dihydronaphthalene 7o by column chromatography, but enough of each product was separated by HPLC (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) for characterization.

Data for 6o (LSK-3-022-001, 30% yield by ¹H NMR)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.86-7.80 (m, 4H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 203.9, 144.0, 134.8, 133.6, 133.4, 133.1, 132.9, 129.9 (2C), 128.9, 128.6, 127.8 (2C), 127.2, 126.5, 124.6, 123.7, 52.8, 52.8, 32.0, 21.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 3060, 2949, 2919, 2851, 1680, 1625, 1593, 1491, 1346, 1160, 1094, 816, 767 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 366 (33), 196 (8), 197 (100)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₀NO₃S, 366.1164, found: 366.1147

Data for 7o (LSK-3-022-002, 56% yield by ¹H NMR)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.76 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.17 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (dd, J=1.7, 17.9 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J=2.5, 17.9 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (m, 1H), 2.87 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (dd, J=6.2, 14.8 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (t, J=14.8 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 200.8, 147.9, 143.9, 134.5, 132.9, 132.0 (2C), 129.9 (2C), 128.1, 127.9, 127.8 (2C), 127.1, 125.6, 52.9, 51.7, 40.1, 32.3, 30.0, 21.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3056, 2945, 2916, 2851, 1680, 1593, 1499, 1344, 1160, 1094, 817, 751 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+) m/z (%): 368 (100), 197 (92), 194 (8), 185 (12), 184 (8)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₂NO₃S, 368.1320; found, 368.1349

N-(3-(2-Chlorophenyl)allyl)-4-methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzene sulfonamide (S19)

To an oven-dried, 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a stir bar, two septa and a nitrogen inlet adaptor was added 4-methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl) benzenesulfonamide (S17) (1.0 g, 4.8 mmol) and potassium carbonate (2.69 g, 19.2 mmol). The flask was evacuated and refilled with nitrogen three times, then MeCN (60 mL) was added. (E)-1-(3-Bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-chlorobenzene (S14) (1.66 g, 7.2 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe, turning the solution dark yellow. The mixture was heated at reflux and stirred overnight. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the reaction residue was taken up in sat'd NaHCO₃ solution (70 mL) and extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (70 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9, to provide 1.35 g of the title compound as a light yellow solid in a 78% yield.

N-(3-(2-Chlorophenyl)allyl)-4-methyl-N-(4-oxopent-2-yn-1-yl)benzene sulfonamide (5p)

An oven-dried, 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound S19 (1.0 g, 2.8 mmol) and THF (40 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (1.74 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 2.8 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.19 mL, 2.1 mmol) and BF₃.Et₂O (0.26 mL, 2.1 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for an additional 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 3:7). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8, to provide 0.48 g of the title compound as a light yellow solid in a 43% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.76 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (dt, J=15.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.02 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 183.2, 144.3, 135.5, 134.2, 133.2, 131.6, 129.9 (2C), 129.8, 129.4, 127.9 (2C), 127.2, 127.1, 125.6, 84.9, 84.2, 49.5, 36.4, 32.5, 21.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 2920, 2209, 1679, 1351, 1162 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₁NO₃SCl: 402.0931; found, 402.0951

1-(8-Chloro-2-tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-4-yl)ethanone (6p) and 1-(8-chloro-2-tosyl-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-4-yl)ethanone (7p)

A microwave irradiation vial (2-5 mL) was equipped with a sir bar (1 cm) and was charged with compound 5p (0.07 g, 0.17 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (3 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 10 min, turning brown in color. The reaction was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure products. The title compounds 6p and 7p were isolated as a 1:2 mixture of inseparable products in a 71% yield (0.048 g).

Data for 6p, 7p (EB-067)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.18 (s, 1H minor) 7.80-7.71 (m, 3H major and 3H minor), 7.59 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H minor), 7.47-7.23 (m, 3H major and 2H minor), 7.16 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H major), 7.00 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H major), 4.77 (s, 2H minor), 4.70 (s, 2H minor), 4.55 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H major), 4.10 (m, 1H major), 3.99 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H major), 3.90 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H major), 3.38 (dd, J=15.4, 6.1 Hz, 1H major), 3.04-2.79 (m, 2H major), 2.65 (s, 3H minor), 2.43 (s, 3H major), 2.39 (s, 3H minor), 2.31 (s, 3H major) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 203.6 (minor), 200.3 (major), 148.6 (major), 144.2 (minor), 144.1 (major), 136.4 (minor), 134.2 (minor), 134.0 (major), 133.6 (1C major and 1C minor), 133.1 (minor), 132.9 (1C minor and 1C major), 132.7 (major), 132.5 (minor), 130.9 (minor), 130.2 (minor), 130.1 (2C minor), 130.0 (2C major), 129.1 (2C major), 127.9 (major), 127.8 (2C minor), 127.8 (major), 127.0 (minor), 126.9 (minor), 124.2 (major), 123.8 (minor), 120.2 (minor), 53.1 (minor), 52.8 (minor), 51.7 (major), 39.6 (major), 32.1 (minor), 30.1 (major), 28.6 (major), 21.7 (minor), 21.6 (major), 14.3 (major).

1-(8-Chloro-2-tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-4-yl)ethanone (6p)

A microwave irradiation vial (10-20 mL) was equipped with a sir bar and was charged with compound 5p (0.3 g, 0.75 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (12.4 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 3 h, turning black in color. The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a brown solid in a 31% yield (0.093 g).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.73 (s, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 203.6, 144.2, 136.3, 134.1, 133.5, 133.1, 132.6, 130.9, 130.2, 130.0 (2C), 127.8 (2C), 127.0, 126.9, 123.8, 120.2, 53.1, 52.8, 32.1, 21.6.

IR (thin film) 2921, 1691, 1346, 1160 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M−H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₁₇NO₃SCl: 398.0618; found, 398.0609

General Procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig Couplings

An oven-dried sealed tube (0.5-2 mL) was equipped with a sir bar and charged with the precatalyst (0.004 mmol). The tube was closed with a septum, then evacuated and refilled with nitrogen three times through a needle. LHMDS (1M solution in THF, 0.32 mmol) and compound LSK-3-97 (0.16 mmol) in dry THF (0.3 mL) were added. Finally the amine (0.24 mmol) in dry THF (0.3 mL) was added at room temperature. The resulting solution was heated at 85° C. in an oil bath and stirred for 3 hours. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC. At the end of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (10 mL), and then extracted with AcOEt (3×12 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was finally purified by flash chromatography over silica gel.

1-(6-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (8)

An oven-dried sealed tube (0.5-2 mL) was equipped with a stir bar and charged with the precatalyst (0.003 g, 0.004 mmol). The tube was closed with a septum, then evacuated and refilled with nitrogen three times through a needle. LHMDS (0.3 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.32 mmol) and compound 6b (0.038 g, 0.16 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) were added via syringe. Finally, dimethylamine (0.3 mL of a 2.0 M solution in THF, 0.24 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) was added at rt via syringe. The resulting solution was heated at 85° C. in an oil bath and stirred for 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC. Once the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled rt, diluted with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (10 mL), and then extracted with AcOEt (3×12 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (n-hexane/AcOEt 9.25:0.7) and the pure product was isolated as a yellow solid (70% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.64 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=9.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.16-2.87 (m, 10H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.12 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 207.0, 148.8, 140.5, 138.9, 133.0, 130.1, 128.9, 126.6, 124.1, 115.8, 103.5, 40.9 (2C), 32.5, 32.2, 32.0, 26.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 2952, 2917, 2849, 2359, 2339, 1685, 1620, 1510, 1344 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M] calcd for C₁₇H₂₀NO: 254.1545; found, 254.1536

Synthesis of 1-(6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone EB-013

Substrate EB-013 was synthesized following the general procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig couplings: precatalyst (0.003 g, 0.004 mmol), LHMDS (0.3 mL of a 1M solution in THF, 0.32 mmol), LSK-3-97 (0.038 g, 0.16 mmol), pyrrolidine (0.017 g, 0.02 mL, 0.24 mmol) dry THF (0.3 mL). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 9:1, 59% yield) as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=8.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 3.48-3.20 (m, 4H), 2.99 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 4H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.24-1.87 (m, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 207.1, 146.1, 140.6, 138.0, 132.6, 130.4, 129.1, 126.1, 124.3, 115.1, 101.9, 47.9, 32.5, 32.2, 31.9, 29.8, 26.2, 25.6 (2CH₂) ppm

IR (thin film) 2957, 2919, 2841, 1680, 1618, 1509, 1353 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₁₉H₂₂NO Calculated: 280.1701; Found: 280.1713

Synthesis of 1-(6-morpholino-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-014)

Substrate EB-014 was synthesized following the general procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig couplings: precatalyst (0.003 g, 0.004 mmol), LHMDS (0.3 mL of a 1M solution in THF, 0.32 mmol), LSK-3-97 (0.038 g, 0.16 mmol), morpholine (0.021 g, 0.02 mL, 0.24 mmol) dry THF (0.3 mL). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 8:2, 58% yield) as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.67 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 3.90 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 4H), 3.36-3.13 (m, 4H), 3.02 (td, J=8.7, 8.0, 5.9 Hz, 4H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.14 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.7, 146.1, 140.7, 138.0, 133.6, 129.6, 129.0, 128.4, 124.2, 118.2, 107.2, 67.0 (2CH₂), 49.8, 32.5, 32.3, 32.2, 26.3 (2CH₂) ppm

IR (thin film) 2956, 2919, 2850, 1689, 1618, 1227, 1121 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₁₉H₂₂NO₂ Calculated: 296.1651; Found: 296.1636

Synthesis of 1-(6-(benzylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-016)

Substrate EB-016 was synthesized following the general procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig couplings: precatalyst (0.003 g, 0.004 mmol), LHMDS (0.3 mL of a 1M solution in THF, 0.32 mmol), LSK-3-97 (0.038 g, 0.16 mmol), phenylmethanamine (0.026 g, 0.026 mL, 0.24 mmol) dry THF (0.3 mL). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 8.5:1.5, 89% yield) as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.67-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.16 (m, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (s, 3H), 2.98 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.11 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.9, 145.8, 140.6, 139.1, 139.0, 132.9, 130.2, 129.2, 128.8 (2CH), 127.7 (2CH), 127.4, 127.3, 124.3, 117.1, 102.4, 48.4, 32.4, 32.2, 31.9, 26.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 3408, 3027, 2951, 2841, 1684, 1626, 1522, 1256 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₂₂H₂₂NO Calculated: 316.1701; Found: 316.1690

Synthesis of 1-(6-(piperidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-019)

Substrate EB-019 was synthesized following the general procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig couplings: precatalyst (0.003 g, 0.004 mmol), LHMDS (0.3 mL of a 1M solution in THF, 0.32 mmol), LSK-3-97 (0.038 g, 0.16 mmol), piperidine (0.02 g, 0.024 mL, 0.24 mmol) dry THF (0.3 mL). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 9:1, 45% yield) as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 3.32-3.11 (m, 4H), 3.01 (td, J=7.2, 3.1 Hz, 4H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.13 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.69-1.51 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.9, 150.6, 140.3, 140.1, 133.5, 129.8, 128.7, 128.0, 124.0, 119.5, 107.4, 51.0 (2CH₂), 32.4, 32.3, 32.2, 26.3, 26.0 (2CH₂), 24.4 ppm

IR (thin film) 2932, 2851, 2803, 1690, 1613, 1503, 1234 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₂₀H₂₄NO Calculated: 294.1858; Found: 294.1871

Synthesis of 1-(6-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-020)

Substrate EB-020 was synthesized following the general procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig couplings: precatalyst (0.003 g, 0.004 mmol), LHMDS (0.3 mL of a 1M solution in THF, 0.32 mmol), LSK-3-97 (0.038 g, 0.16 mmol), 4-methoxyaniline (0.029 g, 0.24 mmol), dry THF (0.6 mL). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 8:2, 71% yield) as a brown solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.15-7.03 (m, 3H), 6.88 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.01 (dd, J=9.6, 4.9 Hz, 4H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.12 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.5, 155.6, 143.1, 140.9, 139.9, 135.5, 133.0, 130.0, 129.3, 128.3, 124.36 (2CH), 122.3, 118.0, 114.8 (2CH), 106.5, 55.7, 32.5, 32.3, 32.1, 26.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 3369, 2953, 2836, 1683, 1624, 1508, 1241 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₂₂H₂₂NO₂ Calculated: 332.1651; Found: 332.1648

Synthesis of 1-(6-(phenylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-030)

Substrate EB-030 was synthesized following the general procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig couplings: precatalyst (0.02 g, 0.003 mmol), LHMDS (0.22 mL of a 1M solution in THF, 0.22 mmol), LSK-3-97 (0.027 g, 0.11 mmol), aniline (0.015 g, 0.015 mL, 0.16 mmol) dry THF (0.3 mL). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 8:2, 78% yield) as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.12 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (s, 1H), 3.03 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 2.14 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.3, 142.9, 141.2, 140.9, 140.7, 133.3, 129.8, 129.5 (2CH), 129.3, 128.9, 124.3, 121.50, 119.3, 118.1 (2CH), 109.3, 32.5, 32.3, 32.2, 26.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 3361, 2953, 1680, 1624, 1596, 1497, 1397 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₂₁H₁₉NO Calculated: 301.1467; Found: 301.1468

Literature Preparation.

5-Hexynal was prepared from 5-hexyn-1-ol through an oxidation reaction with PCC, which was reported by Kobayashi et al. Chem. Asian J. 2007, 2, 135-144. Diethyl 3-chlorobenzylphosphonate was prepared from 1-(bromomethyl)-3-chlorobenzene and triethyl phosphite via the procedure reported by Luscombe et al. Macromolecules 2011, 44, 512-520.

Synthesis of 1-chloro-3-(hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (EB-024)

An oven-dried 250 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with 3-chlorobenzylphosphonate (4.74 g, 18 mmol) and dry THF (60 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (12 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 19 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min, via syringe. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then 5-hexynal (1.0 g, 10 mmol) in dry THF (40 mL) was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature and was stirred for 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). The reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (70 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 1.9 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 93% yield.

Synthesis of 9-(3-chlorophenyl)non-8-en-3-yn-2-one (EB-026)

An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound EB-024 (0.7 g, 3.4 mmol) and dry THF (40 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then LDA (2 mL of a 2 M heptane/THF/ethylbenzene solution, 4.0 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (0.39 g, 0.4 mL, 3.7 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature and was stirred for 4 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8). The reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (70 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1.5:8.5, to provide 0.52 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 60% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.19 (td, J=7.6, 7.2, 2.2 Hz, 3H), 6.37 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.31-6.04 (m, 1H), 2.42 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 5H), 1.76 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 184.9, 139.4, 134.6, 130.7, 130.0, 129.9, 127.2, 126.0, 124.4, 93.4, 81.9, 32.9, 32.0, 27.3, 18.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 2934, 2210, 1674, 1229, 964 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₁₅H₁₆ClO Calculated: 247.0890; Found: 247.0886

1.4:1 mixture of inseparable isomers

Synthesis of 1-(5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-028-A) and 1-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-028-B)

A microwave irradiation vial was equipped with a sir bar and was charged with compound EB-026 (0.2 g, 0.81 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (13.5 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 3 h, turning gold in color. The solution was directly charged into a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9 to collect the pure products. The title compounds were isolated as a 1.4:1 mixture of unseparable isomers in a 79% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73-7.58 (m, 2H major isomer and 2H minor isomer), 7.53 (s, 1H major isomer), 7.44 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H minor isomer), 7.35-7.21 (m, 1H major isomer and 1H minor isomer), 3.02-2.97 (m, 4H major isomer and 4H minor isomer), 2.60 (s, 3H, minor isomer), 2.59 (s, 3H, major isomer), 2.14-2.06 (m, 2H major isomer and 2H minor isomer) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.7 (minor isomer), 205.5 (major isomer), 144.6 (major isomer), 144.0 (major isomer), 141.3 (minor isomer), 140.3 (major isomer), 135.1 (major isomer), 134.7 (minor isomer), 134.6 (1C major isomer and 1C minor isomer), 133.9 (major isomer), 131.2 (major isomer), 129.4 (minor isomer), 127.7 (minor isomer), 127.5 (major isomer), 126.7 (major isomer), 126.7 (minor isomer), 126.3 (minor isomer), 126.0 (major isomer), 125.4 (minor isomer), 124.0 (minor isomer), 123.4 (major isomer), 33.7 (minor isomer), 32.4 (minor isomer), 32.4 (major isomer), 32.2 (major isomer), 32.1 (major isomer), 31.6 (minor isomer), 26.1 (major isomer), 25.8 (minor isomer) ppm

IR (thin film) 2949, 1969, 1598, 1418, 1142 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₁₅H₁₄ClO Calculated: 245.0733; Found: 245.0728

Synthesis of 1-(7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-041-A) and 1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-041-B)

Substrates EB-041-A and EB-041-B were synthesized from EB-028-A and EB-028-B respectively, following the general procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig couplings. Compound EB-041-A was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 9.5:0.5, 52% yield) as a yellow oil. Compound EB-041-B was isolated as colorless oil in a 39% yield and was previously characterized (2.21a/LSK-3-046),

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=9.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (s, 6H), 3.02-2.95 (m, 4H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.12 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.6, 148.3, 143.5, 136.0, 134.9, 134.5, 125.3, 122.9, 121.7, 116.4, 106.9, 40.9 (2CH₃), 32.6, 32.3, 32.1, 26.3.

IR (thin film) 2949, 2842, 2799, 1687, 1624, 1612, 1509, 1356, 1208, 1143 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₁₇H₁₉NO Calculated: 253.1467; Found: 253.1471

Literature Preparation.

5-Hexynal was prepared from 5-hexyn-1-ol through an oxidation reaction with PCC, which was reported by Kobayashi.¹ Diethyl 2-chlorobenzylphosphonate was prepared from 1-(bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene and triethyl phosphite via the procedure reported by Luscombe.

Synthesis of 1-chloro-2-(hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (EB-035)

An oven-dried 250 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with 3-chlorobenzylphosphonate (3.9 g, 15 mmol) and dry THF (60 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (12 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 19 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min, via syringe. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then 5-hexynal (1.0 g, 10 mmol) in dry THF (40 mL) was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature and was stirred for 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5). The reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (70 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 1.11 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in 54% yield.

Synthesis of 9-(2-chlorophenyl)non-8-en-3-yn-2-one (EB-037)

An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound EB-035 (1.11 g, 5.4 mmol) and dry THF (25 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (3.37 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 5.4 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 40 min, then N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.52 g, 0.55 mL, 5.9 mmol) and BF₃.Et₂O (0.84 g, 0.74 mL, 5.9 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for an additional 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.2:9.8). The reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (35 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.2:9.8 to 1:9, to provide 0.67 g of the title compound as a yellow oil in a 50% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dt, J=15.7, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.79 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 184.9, 135.6, 132.7, 132.0, 129.7, 128.3, 127.6, 126.9, 126.8, 93.5, 81.9, 32.9, 32.2, 27.2, 18.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 3061, 2933, 2862, 2210, 1647, 1437, 1230 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₁₅H₁₆ClO Calculated: 247.0890; Found: 247.0874

Synthesis of 1-(8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-038)

A microwave irradiation vial (10-20 mL) was equipped with a sir bar (1.5 cm) and was charged with compound EB-037 (0.2 g, 0.81 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (13.5 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 3 h, turning gold in color. The solution was directly charged into a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a yellow solid in a 86% yield (0.17 g).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.19 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.0, 144.9, 140.5, 135.2, 132.2, 130.4, 129.7, 125.9, 125.8, 123.6, 120.6, 32.8, 32.3, 32.1, 26.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 2952, 1690, 1410, 1350, 1187 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₁₅H₁₄ClO Calculated: 245.0733; Found: 245.0719

Synthesis of 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (EB-039)

Substrate EB-039 was synthesized following the general procedure for the Buchwald-Hartwig couplings: precatalyst (0.003 g, 0.04 mmol), LHMDS (0.32 mL of a 1M solution in THF, 0.32 mmol), EB-038 (0.04 g, 0.16 mmol), dimethylamine (0.12 mL of a 2M solution in THF, 0.24 mmol) dry THF (0.3 mL). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 9.5:0.5, 49% yield) as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.16 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.9, 151.1, 142.7, 139.3, 135.4, 129.8, 128.6, 125.9, 120.3, 119.5, 114.0, 45.5 (2CH₃), 32.8, 32.4, 32.0, 26.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 2940, 2828, 2783, 1695, 1577, 1454, 1192 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₁₇H₂₀NO Calculated: 254.1545; Found: 254.1543

Literature Preparation.

Diethyl 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate was prepared from triethyl methanetricarboxylate through a procedure, which was previously reported by Brummond et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 15186. (E)-1-(3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-chlorobenzene was prepared starting from 2-chlorobenzaldehyde via the procedure reported by Feringa et al. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004, 346, 413.

Synthesis of diethyl 2-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (EB-075)

An oven-dried, 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound diethyl 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (1.8 g, 9.1 mmol) (E)-1-(3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-chlorobenzene (2.1 g, 11.0 mmol) and dry THF (60 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.43 g 11.0 mmol) was added in one portion. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5). The reaction was then quenched by adding saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (70 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with AcOEt (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 2.55 g of the title compound as a yellow oil in a 81% yield.

Synthesis of diethyl 2-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2-(4-oxopent-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (EB-079)

An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound EB-075 (0.5 g, 1.4 mmol) and dry THF (20 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then LDA (0.7 mL of a 2 M heptane/THF/ethylbenzene solution, 1.4 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (0.16 g, 0.16 mL, 1.54 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature and was stirred for 4 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). The reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (40 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8, to provide 0.47 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 86% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.53 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (dt, J=15.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 3.11 (s, 2H), 3.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.36 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 183.9, 169.2 (2C), 134.9, 132.7, 131.3, 129.6, 128.7, 126.9, 126.9, 125.9, 87.7, 83.6, 62.1 (2CH₂), 56.8, 36.3, 32.9, 23.4, 14.1 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2982, 2936, 2213, 1734, 1679, 1203 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₂₁H₂₄O₅Cl Calculated: 391.1312; Found: 391.1299

Synthesis of diethyl 4-acetyl-8-chloro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,2(3H)-dicarboxylate (EB-081)

A microwave irradiation vial (10-20 mL) was equipped with a sir bar (1.5 cm) and was charged with compound EB-079 (0.3 g, 0.77 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (12.8 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 30 min, turning gold in color. The solution was directly charged into a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a yellow oil in a quantitative yield (0.298 g). Small traces of contaminants were observed.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.17 (m, 4H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 1.38-1.13 (m, 6H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 205.0, 170.9 (2C), 140.5, 136.7, 135.4, 132.3, 130.7, 130.0, 126.3, 126.3, 123.7, 121.0, 62.1 (2CH₂), 60.9, 40.1, 39.4, 32.3, 14.1 (2CH₃).

IR (thin film) 2981, 2935, 1731, 1697, 1253, 1185 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₂₁H₂₂O₅Cl Calculated: 389.1156; Found: 389.1166

Literature Preparation.

4-Methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide was prepared from prop-2-yn-1-amine and 4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride through a substitution reaction, which was reported by Gilbertson et al. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 799. (E)-1-(3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-chlorobenzene was prepared starting from 2-chlorobenzaldehyde via the procedure reported by Feringa.

Synthesis of N-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-4-methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (EB-047)

To an oven-dried, 100 mL, three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a stir bar, two septa and a nitrogen gas inlet adaptor, was added 4-methyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (1.0 g, 4.8 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (2.69 g, 19.2 mmol). The flask was evaporated and refilled with nitrogen three times, then MeCN (60 mL) was added. (E)-1-(3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-chlorobenzene (1.66 g, 7.2 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe, turning the solution dark yellow. The mixture was heated at reflux and stirred overnight. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). At the end of the reaction the solvent was removed in vacuo. The reaction residue was taken up in saturated NaHCO₃ solution (70 mL) and extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (70 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9, to provide 1.35 g of the title compound as a light yellow solid in a 78% yield.

Synthesis of N-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-4-methyl-N-(4-oxopent-2-yn-1-yl)benzene sulfonamide (EB-050)

An oven-dried, 100 mL, three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound EB-047 (1.0 g, 2.8 mmol) and dry THF (40 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (1.74 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 2.8 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.18 g, 0.19 mL, 2.1 mmol) and BF₃.Et₂O (0.29 g, 0.26 mL, 2.1 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for an additional 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 3:7). The reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8, to provide 0.48 g of the title compound as a light yellow solid in a 43% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (dt, J=15.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.02 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 183.2, 144.3, 135.5, 134.2, 133.2, 131.6, 129.9 (2CH), 129.8, 129.4, 127.9 (2CH), 127.2, 127.1, 125.6, 84.9, 84.2, 49.5, 36.4, 32.5, 21.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 2920, 2209, 1679, 1351, 1162 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₂₁H₂₁NO₃SCl Calculated: 402.0931; Found: 402.0951

1:2 mixture of inseparable products

Synthesis of 1-(8-chloro-2-tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-4-yl)ethanone (EB-067-A) and 1-(8-chloro-2-tosyl-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-4-yl)ethanone (EB-067-B)

A microwave irradiation vial (2-5 mL) was equipped with a sir bar (1 cm) and was charged with compound EB-050 (0.07 g, 0.17 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (3 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 10 min, turning brown in color. The solution was directly charged into a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure products. The title compounds EB-067-A:EB-067-B were isolated as a 1:2 mixture of inseparable products in a 71% yield (0.048 g).

Data for EB-067-A and EB-067-B:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.18 (s, 1H minor) 7.80-7.71 (m, 3H major and 3H minor), 7.59 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H minor), 7.47-7.23 (m, 3H major and 2H minor), 7.16 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H major), 7.00 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H major), 4.77 (s, 2H minor), 4.70 (s, 2H minor), 4.55 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H major), 4.10 (m, 1H major), 3.99 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H major), 3.90 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H major), 3.38 (dd, J=15.4, 6.1 Hz, 1H major), 3.04-2.79 (m, 2H major), 2.65 (s, 3H minor), 2.43 (s, 3H major), 2.39 (s, 3H minor), 2.31 (s, 3H major) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 203.6 (minor), 200.3 (major), 148.6 (major), 144.2 (minor), 144.1 (major), 136.4 (minor), 134.2 (minor), 134.0 (major), 133.6 (1C major and 1C minor), 133.1 (minor), 132.9 (1C minor and 1C major), 132.7 (major), 132.5 (minor), 130.9 (minor), 130.2 (minor), 130.1 (2CH minor), 130.0 (2CH major), 129.1 (2CH major), 127.9 (major), 127.8 (2CH minor), 127.8 (major), 127.0 (minor), 126.9 (minor), 124.2 (major), 123.8 (minor), 120.2 (minor), 53.1 (minor), 52.8 (minor), 51.7 (major), 39.6 (major), 32.1 (minor), 30.1 (major), 28.6 (major), 21.7 (minor), 21.6 (major), 14.3 (major).

Synthesis of 1-(8-chloro-2-tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]isoindol-4-yl)ethanone (EB-051)

A microwave irradiation vial (10-20 mL) was equipped with a sir bar and was charged with compound EB-050 (0.3 g, 0.75 mmol) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (12.4 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 3 h, turning black in color. The solution was directly charged into a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a brown solid in a 31% yield (0.093 g).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.73 (s, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 203.6, 144.2, 136.3, 134.1, 133.5, 133.1, 132.6, 130.9, 130.2, 130.0 (2CH), 127.8 (2CH), 127.0, 126.9, 123.8, 120.2, 53.1, 52.8, 32.1, 21.6.

IR (thin film) 2921, 1691, 1346, 1160 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+: C₂₁H₁₇NO₃SCl Calculated: 398.0618; Found: 398.0609

Literature Preparations

The preparation of (E)-diethyl-2-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (S1) followed the procedure reported by Brummond et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 12418-12421.

Synthesis of 2-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)propane-1,3-diol (S2)

The title compound was synthesized via a modification of the procedure originally reported by Malacria and co-workers. An oven-dried, 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound S1 (0.45 g, 1.29 mmol) and dry CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then LiAlH₄ (1 M in Et₂O, 2.58 mL, 2.58 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min. The mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 1 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1). The reaction was quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with AcOEt (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The title compound was isolated as a white solid (0.31 g, 91% yield), and was used in the next synthetic step without further purification.

Data for S2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dt, J=19.9, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (dt, J=15.6, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.58 (m, 4H), 2.61 (s, 2H), 2.36 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 135.6, 132.7, 130.1, 129.7, 128.4, 128.2, 126.9, 126.9, 80.9, 71.2, 67.5 (2 CH₂), 42.8, 35.5, 21.8 ppm

IR (thin film) 3299, 2927, 1717, 1033 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₈O₂Cl: 265.0995; found: 265.0996

Synthesis of 5-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2,2-dimethyl-5-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,3-dioxane (S3)

The title compound was synthesized via a modification of the procedure originally reported by Saitoh and co-workers. An oven-dried, 50 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound S2 (0.26 g, 0.98 mmol) and acetone (10 mL). p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA) (0.019 g, 0.098 mmol) and ethyl orthoformate (0.82 g, 4.9 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). The reaction was quenched with sat'd aq NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 0.27 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in 90% yield.

Data for S3

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.07 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (dt, J=15.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 4H), 2.43 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (s, 1H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 135.6, 132.8, 130.4, 129.8, 128.5, 127.4, 127.0, 126.9, 98.4, 80.7, 71.3, 66.9 (2CH₂), 36.3, 36.2, 25.7, 22.7, 22.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 3301, 2991, 2939, 2864, 2116, 1196, 1082 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M]⁺ calcd for C₁₈H₂₁O₂Cl: 304.1230; found: 304.1259

Synthesis of 6-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2,2,3,3,9,9,10,10-octamethyl-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-4,8-dioxa-3,9-disilaundecane (S4)

An oven-dried 100 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound S2 (0.2 g, 0.76 mmol) and DMF (15 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then TBSCl (0.23 g, 1.51 mmol) and Et₃N (0.31 mL, 2.26 mmol) were added sequentially. The solution was warmed to rt and was stirred overnight. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5). The reaction was poured in n-hexanes (20 mL) and water (40 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with n-hexane (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure, to provide 0.30 g of the title compound as yellow oil in 80% yield.

Data for S4

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dt, J=24.5, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dt, J=15.6, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.29 (m, 4H), 2.31 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (s, 1H), 0.91 (s, 18H), 0.06 (s, 12H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 136.1, 132.7, 129.8, 129.5, 129.3, 128.1, 126.9, 126.8, 81.7, 70.3, 63.8 (2CH₂), 44.2, 34.7, 26.0 (6CH₃), 21.4, 18.4 (2C), −5.3 (2CH₃), −5.4 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 3310, 2953, 2929, 2857, 1469, 1253, 1090, 836 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₄₆O₂Si₂Cl: 493.2725; found: 493.2693

Synthesis of 5-(5-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)pent-3-yn-2-one (4a)

An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound S3 (0.22 g, 0.72 mmol) and THF (10 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then LDA (0.36 mL of a 2.0 M heptane/THF/ethylbenzene solution, 0.72 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (0.084 mL, 0.79 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to rt and was stirred for 4 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1.5:8.5, to provide 0.18 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 72% yield.

Data for 4a

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dt, J=15.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (s, 2H), 2.32-2.29 (m, 5H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 184.4, 135.3, 132.8, 130.8, 129.8, 128.6, 127.0, 126.9, 126.5, 98.5, 90.3, 84.0, 66.8 (2CH₂), 36.7, 36.6, 32.9, 26.7, 23.1, 20.9 ppm

IR (thin film) 2991, 2939, 2866, 2208, 1675, 1229 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₀H₂₄O₃Cl: 347.1414; found: 347.1420.

Synthesis of 6-(5-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)allyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)-2,2-dimethylhex-4-yn-3-one (4b)

The title compound was synthesized via a modification of the procedure originally reported by Diederich and co-workers. An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound S3 (0.34 g, 1.12 mmol) and THF (30 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in an dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then n-BuLi (0.7 mL of a 1.6 M n-hexane solution, 1.12 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 min via syringe. The mixture was warmed to rt and stirred 30 min, then cooled to −78° C. and CuI (0.21 g, 1.12 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 30 min, then pivaloyl chloride (0.14 mL, 1.12 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for an additional 2 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1.5:8.5). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq NHCO₃ solution (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (3×25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1.5:8.5, to provide 0.21 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 48% yield.

Data for 4b

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.47 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (dt, J=15.7, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (dt, J=15.7, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (s, 2H), 2.37 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 194.0, 135.4, 132.9, 130.9, 129.8, 128.8, 127.1, 127.0, 126.6, 98.6, 91.7, 81.6, 66.8 (2CH₂), 44.9, 36.9 (2CH₃), 36.6, 26.3 (3CH₃), 23.3, 21.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 2968, 2867, 2208, 1667, 1154 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M−H]⁺ calcd for C₂₃H₂₈O₃Cl: 387.1727; found: 387.1733

Synthesis of 6,6-bis(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-9-(2-chlorophenyl)non-8-en-3-yn-2-one (4c)

An oven-dried 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged with compound S4 (0.21 g, 0.43 mmol) and THF (10 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath for 15 min, then LDA (0.21 mL of a 2.0 M heptane/THF/ethylbenzene solution, 0.43 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (0.051 mL, 0.48 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to rt and was stirred for 4 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5). The reaction was quenched by adding sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9, to provide 0.11 g of the title compound as a yellow oil in a 48% yield.

Data for 4c

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.07 (m, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (dt, J=15.6, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 4H), 2.54-2.20 (m, 7H), 0.91 (s, 18H), 0.06 (s, 12H) ppm ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 184.6, 135.8, 132.8, 129.8, 129.7, 128.7, 128.3, 126.9, 126.9, 91.8, 83.4, 63.9 (2CH₂), 44.8, 35.1, 33.0, 26.0 (6CH₃), 22.1, 18.4 (2C), −5.39 (2CH₃), −5.45 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2953, 2929, 2898, 2857, 2208, 1679, 1469, 1253, 1092, 832 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₄₈O₃Si₂Cl: 535.2831; found: 535.2850

Synthesis of 1-(5-chloro-2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)ethanone (5a)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added compound 4a (0.105 g, 0.30 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (5 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 45 min until complete by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 3:7). The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a light yellow solid in an 85% yield (0.088 g).

Data for 5a

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.57 (m, 4H), 3.05 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 1.47 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 205.3, 141.9, 137.9, 136.1, 132.2, 130.6, 129.9, 126.1, 126.1, 123.6, 121.7, 98.3, 68.4 (2CH₂), 42.8, 39.5, 39.1, 32.3, 24.2, 23.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 2991, 2941, 2870, 1683, 1374, 1277, 1197, 1058 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M−CH₃]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₈O₃Cl: 329.0944; found: 329.0926

Synthesis of 1-(5-chloro-2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one (5b)

To a 10-20 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added compound 4b (0.21 g, 0.54 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (10 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 45 min until complete by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8). The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a light yellow solid in a 47% yield (0.098 g).

Data for 5b

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J=15.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.69 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (q, J=16.4 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (s, 2H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.26 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 216.8, 142.0, 136.7, 136.5, 132.2, 130.4, 130.3, 126.1, 125.5, 124.4, 120.5, 98.3, 68.6, 68.1, 45.4, 43.1, 39.6, 39.3, 28.1 (3CH₃), 24.0, 23.9 ppm

IR (thin film) 2961, 2931, 2859, 1687, 1133, 1058 cm⁻¹

Synthesis of 1-(2,2-bis(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (5c)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added compound 4c (0.09 g, 0.17 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (3 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 45 min until complete by TLC (Et₂O/n-hexane 1:9). The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then Et₂O/n-hexane 2:8 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a light yellow oil in a 92% yield (0.083 g).

Data for 5c

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (s, 4H), 2.97 (s, 2H), 2.92 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 0.88 (s, 18H), 0.03 (s, 6H), 0.02 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 205.6, 143.7, 139.4, 135.8, 132.1, 130.6, 129.9, 125.9, 125.8, 123.6, 121.3, 65.2 (2CH₂), 51.3, 37.8, 36.9, 32.3, 26.0 (6CH₃), 18.4 (2C), −5.3 (2CH₃), −5.35 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2953, 2895, 2855, 1699, 1463, 1253, 1101, 838 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₄₆O₃Si₂Cl: 533.2674; found: 533.2679

General Procedure: Buchwald-Hartwig Couplings

An oven-dried sealed tube was equipped with a stir bar and charged with [RuPhos Palladacyle] (0.025 equiv). The tube was closed with a septum, then evacuated and refilled with nitrogen three times through a needle. LHMDS (1M solution in THF, 2 equiv) and chlorinated naphthalene (1 equiv) in THF were added via syringe. Finally, the amine (1.5 equiv) in THF was added at rt via syringe. The resulting solution was heated at 85° C. in an oil bath and stirred for 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC. Once the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (10 mL), and then extracted with AcOEt (3×12 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel.

Synthesis of 1-(5-(dimethylamino)-2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)ethanone (6a)

Follows general procedure (pag. 13): [RuPhos Palladacyle] (0.0015 g, 0.0021 mmol), LHMDS (0.17 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.17 mmol), 5a (0.030 g, 0.087 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL), dimethylamine (0.065 mL of a 2.0 M solution in THF, 0.13 mmol). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 8:2, 0.019 g, 62% yield) as a yellow solid.

Data for 5a

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 4H), 3.08 (s, 2H), 3.00 (s, 2H), 2.86 (s, 6H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 1.48 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.2, 151.2, 139.8, 136.7, 136.2, 130.0, 128.9, 126.3, 121.5, 119.5, 114.3, 98.3, 68.7 (2CH₂), 45.5 (2CH₃), 42.8, 39.8, 39.0, 32.4, 24.2, 23.8 ppm

IR (thin film) 2989, 2938, 2856, 2784, 1693, 1197 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₂H₂₇NO₃: 353.1991; found: 353.1998

Synthesis of 1-(5-(dimethylamino)-2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one (6b)

Follows general procedure [RuPhos Palladacyle] (0.0023 g, 0.0032 mmol), LHMDS (0.26 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.26 mmol), 5b (0.050 g, 0.13 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL), dimethylamine (0.098 mL of a 2.0 M solution in THF, 0.19 mmol). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 7:3, 0.030 g, 58% yield) as a yellow solid.

Data for 6b

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.77-3.60 (m, 4H), 3.21-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 217.7, 151.0, 139.8, 136.8, 135.0, 130.4, 128.6, 125.6, 120.4, 120.1, 114.1, 98.2, 68.7, 68.3, 45.5 (2CH₂), 45.3, 43.0, 39.8, 39.2, 28.1 (3CH₃), 24.5, 23.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 2938, 2862, 2785, 1685, 1477, 1197, 1056 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₃₃NO₃: 395.2460; found: 395.2469

Synthesis of 1-(2,2-bis(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclo-penta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (6c)

Follows general procedure (pag. 13): [RuPhos Palladacyle] (0.0013 g, 0.0018 mmol), LHMDS (0.15 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.15 mmol), 5c (0.040 g, 0.075 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL), dimethylamine (0.056 mL of a 2.0 M solution in THF, 0.11 mmol). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/Et₂O 8:2, 0.029 g, 71% yield) as a yellow oil.

Data for 6c

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (s, 4H), 3.09-2.75 (m, 10H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 0.88 (s, 18H), 0.02 (s, 12H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.5, 151.0, 141.4, 138.1, 136.0, 129.9, 128.8, 125.9, 121.0, 119.5, 114.0, 65.2 (2CH₂), 51.2, 45.5 (2CH₃), 37.8, 36.9, 32.3, 26.0 (6CH₃), 18.4 (2C), −5.3 (4CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2929, 2896, 2855, 1697, 1578, 1465, 1253, 1098, 837 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M]⁺ calcd for C₃₁H₅₁NO₃Si₂: 541.3407; found: 541.3403

Synthesis of 1-(2′,2′-dimethyl-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,3-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,5′-[1,3]dioxan]-9-yl)ethanone (6d)

Follows general procedure (pag. 13): [RuPhos Palladacyle] (0.0020 g, 0.0028 mmol), LHMDS (0.23 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.23 mmol), 5a (0.040 g, 0.12 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL), pyrrolidine (0.014 mL, 0.17 mmol). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/AcOEt 8:2, 0.016 g, 35% yield) as a yellow solid.

Data for 6c

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 4H), 3.30 (s, 4H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 2H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 4H), 1.48 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.3, 139.0, 136.5, 136.1, 130.2, 128.4, 126.3, 122.1, 118.2, 112.1, 98.3, 68.7 (2CH₂), 53.1, 42.8 (2CH₂), 39.9, 38.9, 32.4 (2CH₂), 24.8 (²CH₃), 24.4, 23.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 2988, 2939, 2854, 1692, 1575, 1197 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₄H₂₉NO₃: 379.2147; found: 379.2167

Synthesis of 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (7a)

An oven-dried 50 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound 6a (0.036 g, 0.10 mmol) and THF (12 mL). HCl (5 mL of a 1 N aqueous solution) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1). The reaction was basified to pH 7 by the dropwise addition of sat'd aq NaHCO₃. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (25 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.018 g of the title compound as a yellow solid in 57% yield.

Data for 7a

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 4H), 3.01 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 2.63 (s, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.8, 151.1, 140.3, 137.1, 136.2, 129.9, 128.9, 126.2, 121.4, 119.5, 114.3, 69.1 (2CH₂), 49.7, 45.5 (2CH₃), 38.3, 37.4, 32.4 ppm

IR (thin film) 3387, 2917, 2849, 1682, 1457, 1032 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₂₄NO₃: 314.1756; found: 314.1771

Synthesis of 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one (7b)

An oven-dried 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound 6b (0.014 g, 0.035 mmol) and THF (5 mL). HCl (2 mL of a 1 N aqueous solution) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1). The reaction was basified to pH 7 by the dropwise addition of sat'd aq NaHCO₃. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (25 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.012 g of the title compound as a yellow solid in 96% yield.

Data for 7b

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J=15.3, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (q, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.05-2.88 (m, 4H), 2.86 (s, 6H), 2.74 (br, 2H), 1.27 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 218.4, 150.9, 140.3, 136.7, 135.6, 130.4, 128.6, 125.6, 120.4, 120.1, 114.1, 50.0 (2CH₂), 45.5 (2CH₃), 38.3, 37.7, 30.5, 29.8, 28.1 (3CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 3412, 2927, 2869, 1684, 1476, 1030, 920 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₂H₃₀NO₃: 356.2226; found: 356.2206

Synthesis of 1-(2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-8-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)ethanone (7c)

An oven-dried 50 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound 6d (0.013 g, 0.034 mmol) and THF (10 mL). HCl (3 mL of a 1 N aqueous solution) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1). The reaction was basified to pH 7 by the dropwise addition of sat'd aq NaHCO₃. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (25 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.006 g of the title compound as a yellow solid in 52% yield.

Data for 7c

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (br, s, 4H), 3.29 (br, s, 6H), 3.00 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 4H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.7, 148.1, 139.4, 136.8, 136.1, 130.1, 128.4, 126.3, 121.9, 118.16, 112.13, 69.3 (2CH₃), 53.1 (2CH₂), 49.7, 38.3, 37.4, 32.4, 24.7 (2CH₂) ppm

IR (thin film) 3396, 2917, 2849, 1691, 1579, 1452, 1092 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₆NO₃: 340.1913; found: 340.1911

Synthesis of (8-(dimethylamino)-4-pivaloyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene-2,2-diyl)bis(methylene) bis(undec-10-enoate) (8)

An oven-dried, 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound 7b (0.023 g, 0.065 mmol), DCC (0.029 g, 0.14 mmol), DMAP (0.017 g, 0.14 mmol) and THF (7 mL). 10-Undecenoic acid (0.026 mL, 1.29 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). After filtration over a short pad of celite, the reaction was quenched with sat'd aq NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×40 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 0.014 g of the title compound as a clear yellow oil in 31% yield.

Data for 8

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.89-5.71 (m, 2H), 4.99 (dq, J=17.1, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 4.95-4.87 (dq, J=10.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 4.11-4.01 (br, m, 2H), 3.05 (s, 2H), 2.93-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 2.30-2.26 (m, 4H), 2.03 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 4H), 1.56 (br, s, 4H), 1.41-1.32 (m, 4H), 1.26 (br, s, 25H) ppm

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 217.4, 173.8 (2C), 151.2, 139.4 (2CH), 136.8, 134.9, 130.6, 128.8, 125.9, 120.5, 120.2, 114.4 (2CH₂), 100.1, 66.6, 47.4, 45.6 (2CH₃), 45.5, 38.8, 38.2, 34.5, 34.1 (4CH₂), 29.9, 29.6 (2CH₂), 29.5, 29.4 (2CH₂), 29.3 (4CH₂), 29.2 (2CH₂), 28.3 (3CH₃), 25.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 2926, 2853, 1739, 1688, 1460, 1151 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₄H₆₆NO₅: 688.4941; found: 688.4947

Literature Preparations

The preparation of tert-butyl(4-iodobutoxy)dimethylsilane (S5) followed the procedure reported by Keck Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 4783-4786.

Synthesis of 6-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N,N-dimethylhexanamide (9)

To an oven-dried 25 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.25 mL, 2.8 mmol) in THF (10 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath and LDA (1.5 mL of a 2.0 M solution in heptane/THF/ethylbenzene, 3.0 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min, then compound S5 (0.94 g, 3.0 mmol) was added in one portion through the sidearm of the flask turning the reaction yellow. The mixture was warmed to rt slowly over 3 h, and then stirred at rt overnight, becoming cloudy and orange. The solution was poured into brine (20 mL), the aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (3×15). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 7:3, to provide 0.45 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 59% yield.

Data for 9

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.60 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 2.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.28 (m, 2H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.03 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.2, 63.2, 37.4, 35.5, 33.5, 32.8, 26.1 (3CH₃), 25.9, 25.1, 18.5, −5.1 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 3470, 2931, 2857, 1650, 1101, 836 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H_(3i)NO₂Si: 273.2124; found: 273.2128

Literature Preparations

The preparation of (E)-1-chloro-2-(hept-1-en-6-yn-1-yl)benzene (10) followed the procedure reported by Brummond Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 4430-4433.

Synthesis of (E)-1-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-13-(2-chlorophenyl)tridec-12-en-7-yn-6-one (11)

To an oven-dried 100 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added compound 10 (0.90 g, 4.4 mmol) in THF (10 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath and n-butyllithium (2.75 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 4.4 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction yellow. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then compound 9 (1.1 g, 3.9 mmol) in THF (10 mL) followed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.52 mL, 5.8 mmol) were added dropwise via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for an additional 1 h, then warmed to −20° C. and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (30 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 0.98 g of the title compound as a colorless oil in a 58% yield.

Data for 11

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (dd, J=7.5, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dt, J=15.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (t, J 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.47-2.33 (m, 4H), 1.87-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.26 (m, 2H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 6H) ppm.

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 188.3, 135.7, 132.8, 132.0, 129.7, 128.3, 127.6, 126.9, 126.8, 93.6, 81.4, 63.0, 45.7, 32.7, 32.3, 27.3, 26.1, 25.4 (3CH₃), 24.1, 18.5, 18.5, −5.1 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2931, 2857, 2211, 1673, 1101, 835 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₃₈O₂SiCl: 433.2330; found: 433.2309

Synthesis of 6-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)hexan-1-one (S6)

To a 10-20 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added compound 11 (0.35 g, 0.81 mmol) in DCE (13 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 180° C. for 180 min until complete by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5). The solution turned golden in color. The mixture was then transferred to a vial, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under vacuum to yield the title compound as a brown oil (0.34 g, 97% yield).

Data for S6

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.79 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.63-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.42 (m, 2H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 208.8, 144.9, 140.2, 135.4, 132.2, 130.5, 130.0, 125.9, 125.8, 123.6, 120.4, 63.1, 44.9, 32.8, 31.9, 26.2, 26.1 (3CH₃), 25.8 (2CH₂), 23.9, 18.5, −5.1 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2931, 2856, 1697, 1101 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+)

[M]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₃₅O₂SiCl: 430,2095; found: 430,2088

Synthesis of 6-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)hexan-1-one (12)

Follows general procedure: [RuPhos Palladacyle] (0.0033 g, 0.0045 mmol), LHMDS (0.36 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.36 mmol), S6 (0.078 g, 0.018 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL), dimethylamine (0.014 mL of a 2.0 M solution in THF, 0.027 mmol). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/Et₂O 9.8:0.2, 0.040 g, 53% yield) as a yellow oil.

Data for 12

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.98 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.91-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 2.17 (dp, J=14.5, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (p, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.56 (dd, J=14.2, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (p, J=7.4, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 209.6, 151.1, 142.6, 138.9, 135.6, 129.9, 128.6, 125.8, 120.0, 119.5, 113.9, 63.2, 45.5 (2CH₃), 44.9, 32.8, 31.8 (2CH₂), 26.2, 26.1 (3CH₃), 25.8, 23.9, 18.5, −5.1 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2932, 2856, 1696, 1459, 1099, 835 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₄₂NO₂SiCl: 440.2985; found: 440.2959

Synthesis of 1-(8-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)-6-hydroxyhexan-1-one (13)

An oven-dried 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound 12 (0.040 g, 0.091 mmol) and THF (15 mL). TBAF (0.18 mL of a 1.0 M THF solution, 0.18 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1). The solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 6:4, to provide 0.027 g of the title compound as a yellow oil in a 91% yield.

Data for 13

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 3.66 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (q, J=9.9, 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.02-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 2.15 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.62 (p, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (p, J=7.4, 7.0 Hz, 4H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 209.6, 151.1, 142.6, 138.9, 135.4, 129.9, 128.6, 125.9, 120.1, 119.4, 113.9, 62.8, 45.5 (2CH₃), 44.8, 32.8, 32.7, 31.8, 26.2, 25.6, 23.7 ppm

IR (thin film) 3391, 2937, 2862, 1692, 1454, 1050 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺: C₂₁H₂₈O₂N: 326.2120; Found: 326.2111

Literature Preparations

The preparation of 4-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)benzaldehyde (S7) followed the procedure reported by Abel Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 491-4917.

Synthesis of tert-butyl(2-(4-(2,2-dibromovinyl)phenoxy)ethoxy)dimethylsilane (S8)

The title compound was synthesized via a modification of the procedure originally reported by Lee and co-workers. An oven-dried 250 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound CBr₄ (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) and dry CH₂Cl₂ (120 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 15 min, then PPh₃ (1.4 g, 5.5 mmol) was added in one portion, turning the reaction yellow. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then compound S7 (1.49 g, 5.3 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added dropwise, turning the solution light yellow. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for an additional 15 min. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). The reaction mixture was filtered through a short pad of silica gel and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1.34 g of the title compound as a yellow oil in a 58% yield.

Data for S8

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.50 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.10 (s, 6H) ppm ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.2, 136.5, 129.9 (2CH), 127.9, 114.5 (2CH), 87.3, 69.5, 62.1, 26.1 (3CH₃), 18.6, −5.0 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2952, 2928, 1606, 1508, 1253, 832 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+)

[M]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₄O₂SiBr₂ 433.9912; found: 433.9924

Synthesis of tert-butyl(2-(4-ethynylphenoxy)ethoxy)dimethylsilane (S9)

The title compound was synthesized via a modification of the procedure originally reported by Lee and co-workers.⁸ To an oven-dried 100 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added compound S8 (0.46 g, 1.05 mmol) in THF (30 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath and n-butyllithium (2.6 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 4.2 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction yellow. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 0.2:9.8). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for an additional 1 h, then warmed to −20° C. and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (40 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.2:9.8, to provide 0.22 g of the title compound as a yellow oil in a 76% yield.

Data for S9

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (s, 1H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.09 (s, 6H) ppm.

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.5, 133.7 (2CH), 114.7 (2CH), 114.3, 83.8, 75.8, 69.5, 62.1, 26.0 (3CH₃), 18.6, −5.1 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 3317, 2955, 2930, 2108, 1507, 1253, 1109 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₅O₂Cl: 277.1624; found: 277.1614

Literature Preparations

The preparation of (E)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-enamide (S10) followed the procedure reported by Brummond.

Synthesis of (E)-1-(4-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)hept-6-en-1-yn-3-one (14a)

To an oven-dried 25 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added compound S9 (0.22 g, 0.80 mmol) in THF (3 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath and n-butyllithium (0.45 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 0.72 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction yellow. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then compound S10 (0.17 g, 0.73 mmol) in THF (3 mL) followed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.14 mL, 1.10 mmol) were added dropwise via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for an additional 1 h, then warmed to −20° C. and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 0.11 g of the title compound as a white solid in a 30% yield.

Data for 14a

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.52 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (m, 4H), 6.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.42 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=14.9, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 186.9, 161.3, 135.9, 135.2 (2CH), 132.8, 130.1, 129.1, 128.8 (2CH), 127.4 (2CH), 115.1 (2CH), 111.7, 92.6, 87.9, 69.7, 61.9, 44.9, 27.6, 26.0 (3CH₃), 18.5, −5.1 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2929, 2855, 2194, 1653, 1254, 833 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₃₄O₃SiCl: 469.1966; found: 469.1943

Literature Preparations

The preparation of (E)-1-(3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)-4-chlorobenzene (S11) followed the procedure reported by Brummond.

Synthesis of (E)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylpent-4-enamide (S12)

To an oven-dried 50 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (1.3 mL, 12.0 mmol) in THF (10 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath and LDA (6.0 mL of a 2.0 M solution in heptane/THF/ethylbenzene, 12.0 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min, then compound S11 (2.60 g, 11.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added in one portion through the sidearm of the flask turning the reaction yellow. The mixture was warmed to rt slowly over 3 h, and then stirred at rt overnight, becoming orange. The solution was poured into brine (20 mL), the aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (3×15). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 2.5:7.5, to provide 2.46 g of the title compound as a light yellow oil in 88% yield.

Data for S12

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.34-7.19 (m, 4H), 6.40 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dt, J=15.8, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 2.66-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.57-2.46 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.7, 136.1, 132.6, 130.2, 129.5, 128.6 (2CH), 127.3 (2CH), 61.3, 32.2, 31.6, 27.9 ppm

IR (thin film) 3486, 3026, 2963, 2936, 1664, 1490, 1416, 1091, 995 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₃H₁₇NO₂Cl 254.0948; found: 254.0957

Literature Preparations

The preparation of tert-butyl((4-ethynylbenzyl)oxy)dimethylsilane (S13) followed the procedure reported by Allen J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12560-12561.

Synthesis of (E)-1-(4-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)hept-6-en-1-yn-3-one (14b)

To an oven-dried 25 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added compound S13 (0.71 g, 2.88 mmol) in THF (10 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath and LDA (1.56 mL of a 2.0 M heptane/THF/ethylbenzene solution, 3.14 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe turning the reaction brown. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min, then compound S12 (0.66 g, 2.62 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise via syringe. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h, then warmed to −20° C. and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 0.5:9.5, to provide 0.61 g of the title compound as a white solid in a 53% yield.

Data for 14b

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (br s, 4H), 6.42 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dt, J=15.4, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 2.86 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.12 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 187.0, 144.9, 135.9, 133.2 (2CH), 132.9, 130.1, 129.0, 128.8 (2CH), 127.4 (2CH), 126.2 (2CH), 118.3, 91.8, 87.8, 64.6, 45.0, 27.5, 26.0 (3CH₃), 18.5, −5.2 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2920, 1706, 1601, 1403, 1146 cm⁻¹

HRMS TOF MS ES+ [M]⁺: C₂₆H₃₁O₂SiCl Calculated: 438.1782; Found: 438.1766

Synthesis of 9-(4-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one (S14)

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added compound 14a (0.057 g, 0.12 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (2 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 225° C. for 60 min until complete by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8). The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 2.5:8.5 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a yellow solid in an 89% yield (0.050 g).

Data for S14

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.37-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.67 (m, 2H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 205.8, 158.9, 148.6, 139.2, 135.1, 133.3, 132.0, 131.8, 131.1 (2CH), 129.3, 129.2, 127.5, 127.3, 124.4, 114.3 (2CH), 69.3, 62.3, 37.6, 26.1 (3CH₃), 24.8, 18.6, −4.9 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2928, 2856, 1711, 1598, 1250, 1107, 836 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₃₂O₃SiCl: 467.1809; found: 467.1804

Synthesis of 9-(4-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one (S15)

Follows general procedure: [RuPhos Palladacycle] (0.0019 g, 0.0026 mmol), LHMDS (0.20 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.20 mmol), S14 (0.048 g, 0.10 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL), dimethylamine (0.08 mL of a 2.0 M solution in THF, 0.15 mmol). The title compound was isolated (n-hexane/Et₂O 8:2, 0.026 g, 55% yield) as a yellow oil.

Data for S14

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.77 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.07 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.29-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s, 6H), 2.80-2.66 (m, 2H), 0.98 (s, 9H), 0.18 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.7, 158.4, 148.5, 144.7, 137.5, 134.0, 131.3 (2CH), 131.0, 130.6, 129.2, 128.5, 123.9, 119.1, 114.2 (2CH), 106.6, 69.3, 62.3, 40.7 (2CH₃), 37.8, 26.1 (3CH₃), 24.6, 18.6, −5.0 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2928, 2856, 1709, 1615, 1134, 1110 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₇NO₃Si: 475.2543; found: 475.2530

Synthesis of 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one (15a)

An oven-dried 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound S15 (0.026 g, 0.053 mmol) and THF (10 mL). TBAF (0.11 mL of a 1.0 M THF solution, 0.11 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 4:6). The solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 7:3, to provide 0.014 g of the title compound as an orange solid in a 73% yield.

Data for 15a

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76-7.74 (br, m, 2H), 7.29-7.23 (br, m, 3H), 7.05 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 4.19 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (br, s, 2H), 3.27-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.90 (s, 6H), 2.74-2.63 (m, 3H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 205.1, 158.0, 148.5, 144.7, 137.3, 133.9, 131.4, 131.2 (2CH), 130.7, 129.7, 128.5, 124.0, 119.2, 114.2 (2CH), 106.4, 69.2, 61.8, 40.8 (2CH₃), 37.8, 24.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3399, 2919, 2851, 1697, 1512, 1243 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₃H₂₄NO₃: 362.1756; found: 362.1756

Synthesis of 9-(4-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one (S16)

To a 10-20 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added compound 14b (0.18 g, 0.41 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (10 mL). The reaction was irradiated with stirring at 225° C. for 60 min until complete by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a white solid in a quantitative yield (0.19 g).

Data for S16

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.22 (m, 4H), 7.03 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 3.17-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.37 (m, 2H), 0.78 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 9H), −0.03 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 205.6, 148.5, 141.2, 139.2, 135.0, 134.0, 133.1, 132.1, 131.8, 129.7 (2CH), 129.2 (2CH), 127.2, 125.9 (2CH), 124.5, 65.0, 37.5, 26.1 (3CH₃), 24.8, 18.6, −5.1 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2952, 2928, 2854, 1717, 1084, 838 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₆H₃₀O₂SiCl: 437.1704; found: 437.1682

Synthesis of 9-(4-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one (S17)

Follows general procedure: [RuPhos Palladacycle] (0.004 g, 0.0055 mmol), LHMDS (0.44 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.44 mmol), S16 (0.096 g, 0.22 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL), dimethylamine (0.16 mL of a 2.0 M solution in THF, 0.033 mmol). The title compound was isolated (AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8, 0.051 g, 52% yield) as a yellow solid.

Data for S17

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.74 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.26 (br m, 3H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 3.34-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s, 6H), 2.78-2.62 (m, 2H), 0.97 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 6H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.6, 148.5, 144.6, 140.5, 137.6, 135.7, 133.8, 131.3, 130.6, 129.7 (2CH), 128.5, 125.9 (2CH), 124.0, 119.2, 106.5, 65.4, 40.7 (2CH₃), 37.8, 26.2 (3CH₃), 24.6, 18.6, −4.9 (2CH₃) ppm

IR (thin film) 2927, 2952, 2854, 1710, 1602, 1085, 838 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₃₆NO₂Si: 446.2515; found: 446.2514

Synthesis of 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one (15b)

An oven-dried 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound S17 (0.036 g, 0.081 mmol) and THF (10 mL). TBAF (0.16 mL of a 1.0 M THF solution, 0.16 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1). The solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 6:4, to provide 0.026 g of the title compound as a orange solid in a 97% yield.

Data for 15b

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.24 (m, 3H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 3.25-3.09 (m, 2H), 2.82 (s, 6H), 2.71-2.54 (m, 2H), 1.90 (br s, 1H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.8, 148.4, 144.7, 140.0, 137.3, 136.5, 133.6, 131.3, 130.7, 130.0 (2CH), 128.6, 126.7 (2CH), 124.2, 119.2, 106.5, 65.6, 40.8 (2CH₃), 37.8, 24.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3397, 2920, 2851, 1704, 1601, 1425, 1146 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₂H₂₁NO₂: 331.1572; found: 331.1567

Literature Preparations

The preparation of 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-epoxyisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (S18) followed the procedure reported by Tew Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 45, 7526-7530.

Synthesis of 2-(4-(6-dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-epoxyisoindole-1,3(2H)dione (16)

The title compound was synthesized via a modification of the procedure originally reported by Tew and co-workers.¹⁰ An oven-dried 25 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was charged with compound 15b (0.024 g, 0.072 mmol) in THF (5 mL), compound S18 (0.012 g, 0.072 mmol), and PPh₃ (0.019 g, 0.072 mmol). The resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath then DIAD (diisopropyl azodicarboxylate) (28 μL, 0.144 mmol) was added. The ice bath was removed and the reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 6:4, to provide 0.022 g of the title compound as a orange solid in a 65% yield.

Data for 16

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73-7-70 (m, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 3H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.50 (s, 2H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 3.21-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 2.86 (s, 6H), 2.77-2.55 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 206.6, 176.5 (2C), 164.7, 148.8, 144.9, 137.1, 136.9 (2CH), 135.7, 133.9, 130.7, 130.5 (2CH), 128.9, 127.8 (2CH), 122.4, 119.3, 106.1, 81.5 (2CH), 48.1 (2CH), 41.7, 40.6 (2CH₃), 36.8, 24.8, 18.8 ppm

IR (thin film) 2920, 2360, 1772, 1702, 1601, 1340, 1171 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₂₇N₂O₄: 479.1971; found: 479.1974

Synthesis of 1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (17)

An oven-dried 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a condenser and a stir bar was charged with compound 16 (0.014 g, 0.027 mmol) in anisole (2 mL). The solution was warmed at 145° C. and stirred for 1 h. The solution was directly added to a silica gel column, which was eluted with n-hexane to separate the anisole and then AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1 to collect the pure product. The title compound was isolated as a yellow solid in a 75% yield (0.009 g).

Data for 17

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.74 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.21 (m, 3H), 6.75 (s, 2H), 6.63 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 3.34-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 2.76-2.52 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.6, 170.6 (2C), 148.6, 144.6, 136.9, 136.8, 135.2 (2CH), 134.4, 133.7, 131.3, 130.6, 130.2 (2CH), 128.6, 128.2 (2CH), 124.3, 119.2, 106.2, 41.6, 40.7 (2CH₃), 37.7, 24.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 2920, 1706, 1601, 1403, 1343, 1146 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M]⁺ calcd for C₂₆H₂₂N₂O₃: 410.1630; found: 410.1638

Literature Preparations

The preparation of N-Boc-L-cysteine ethyl ester (S19) followed the procedure reported by Stanitzek Synthesis 2006, 20, 3367-3369.

Synthesis of ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-((1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)propanoate (18)

An oven-dried 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a septum and a stir bar was charged with compound 17 (0.006 g, 0.015 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 1:1 (5 mL). N-Boc-L-cysteine ethyl ester (0.0036 g, 0.015 mmol) was added in one portion and the mixture mas stirred at rt for 10 min. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1). The solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1:1, to provide 0.006 g of the title compound as a 1:1 mixture of two inseparable diastereomers (d1 and d2) in a 60% yield.

Data for 18

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.74-7.73 (m, 4H, d1 and d2), 7.49-7.47 (m, 4H, d1 and d2), 7.27-7.26 (m, 6H, d1 and d2), 6.61 (t, J=3.5 Hz, 2H, d1 and d2), 5.66 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H, d1), 5.47 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H, d2), 4.91-4.67 (m, 4H, d1 and d2), 4.59-4.55 (m, 2H, d1 and d2), 4.22 (qd, J=7.1, 1.8 Hz, 4H, d1 and d2), 4.15-4.08 (m, 1H, d1), 3.95 (d, br J=6.3 Hz, 1H, d1), 3.88 (dd, J=9.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H, d2), 3.54 (dd, J=13.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H, d1), 3.42 (dd, J=14.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H, d2), 3.27-3.06 (m, 6H, d1 and d2), 3.06-2.93 (m, 1H, d2, d1 and d2), 2.87 (s, 12H, d1 and d2), 2.68 (dd, J=6.4, 5.0 Hz, 4H, d1 and d2), 2.57-2.42 (m, 2H, d1 and d2), 1.42 (s, 18H, d1 and d2), 1.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 6H, d1 and d2) ppm.

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.8, 176.5, 176.4, 174.2, 171.0, 148.6, 144.6, 137.2, 136.9, 134.4, 133.7, 131.3, 130.7 (2CH), 130.3, 128.7, 128.6 (2CH), 124.4, 119.3, 106.2, 80.4, 62.2, 42.9, 40.8 (2CH₃), 39.0, 37.6, 32.1, 29.9, 28.5, 24.7, 22.9 (3CH₃), 14.4 ppm

IR (thin film) 3362, 2924, 1706, 1602, 1509, 1341, 1166 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₆H₄₂N₃O₇S: 660.2743; found: 660.2736

Synthesis of 4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzaldehyde (19)

An oven-dried 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a septum and a stir bar was charged with Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP, 0.063 g, 0.15 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath for 10 min, compound 15b (0.045 g, 0.14 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added and the mixture mas stirred at 0° C. for 5 min. The reaction was then warmed to rt and stirred for an additional 15 min. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 4:6). The reaction was then quenched with sat'd aq NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 3:7, to provide 0.031 g of the title compound as an orange solid in a 67% yield.

Data for 19

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.13 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.90-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.10 (m, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.10 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s, 6H), 2.75-2.54 (m, 2H) ppm ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.6, 192.5, 148.7, 144.5, 135.6, 135.5 (2CH), 133.2, 131.3, 130.7 (2CH), 130.6, 129.6 (2CH), 128.8, 124.9, 119.2, 105.3, 40.6 (2CH₃), 37.7, 24.7 Ppm

IR (thin film) 2918, 2851, 1703, 1616, 1424, 1166 cm⁻¹

Synthesis of 7-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one (20)

A flame-dried 25 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet, a septum and a stir bar was charged with compound 19 (0.031 g, 0.094 mmol) and methanol (7 mL). To this solution was added potassium carbonate (0.064 g, 0.48 mmol) followed by the Bestmann-Ohira reagent (0.054 g, 0.28 mmol) in methanol (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at rt overnight. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8). The solution was diluted with ether (10 mL) and then transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat'd aq NaHCO₃ solution (15 mL). The layers were separated and the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 2:8, to provide 0.018 g of the title compound as an orange solid in a 59% yield.

Data for 20

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.77-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.63 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.37-7.14 (m, 3H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 3.341-3.18 (m, 2H), 3.14 (s, 1H), 2.89 (s, 6H), 2.76-2.61 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.5, 148.6, 144.5, 138.2, 136.4, 133.5, 132.0 (2CH), 131.2, 130.6, 129.9 (2CH), 128.6, 124.5, 121.2, 119.2, 105.8, 84.3, 77.3, 40.7 (2CH₃), 37.7, 24.7 ppm

IR (thin film) 3294, 2919, 2850, 1702, 1602, 1507, 1129 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₃H₂₀NO: 326.1545; found: 326.1555

Literature Preparations

The preparation of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-L-β-azidoalanine methyl ester (S20) followed the procedure reported by Lee Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010, 18, 7338-7347.

Synthesis of methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(4-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanoate (21)

A flame-dried 25 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a septum and a stir bar was charged with compound 20 (0.018 g, 0.055 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL). N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-L-β-azidoalanine methyl ester (0.014 g, 0.055 mmol) in t-BuOH/H₂O 1.5:1 (1.2 mL) was then added, followed by sodium ascorbate (0.0022 g, 0.011 mmol) and CuSO₄ (0.0014 g, 0.0055 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 7:3). The reaction was then quenched with H₂O (15 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 7:3, to provide 0.019 g of the title compound as an orange solid in a 61% yield.

Data for 21

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.94 (br, 2H), 7.79-7.74 (m, 3H), 7.40 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.25 (m, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 5.46 (br, s, 1H), 4.95-4.77 (m, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.25 (br, s, 2H), 2.88 (s, 6H), 2.71 (br, s, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.7, 169.7, 155.3, 148.6, 148.2, 144.6, 137.4, 136.8, 133.7, 131.3, 130.6, 130.5 (2CH), 129.4, 128.6, 125.6 (2CH), 124.3, 121.1, 119.2, 106.1, 80.9, 53.9, 53.3, 51.1, 40.7 (2CH₃), 37.8, 28.4 (3CH₃), 24.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3351, 2926, 1701, 1619, 1508, 1164 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₅O₅: 570.2716; found: 570.2729

Synthesis of 4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl undec-10-enoate (22)

An oven-dried, 25 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with compound 15b (0.021 g, 0.060 mmol), DCC (0.014 g, 0.069 mmol), DMAP (0,008 g, 0.069 mmol) and dry CH₂Cl₂ (7 mL). 10-Undecenoic acid (0.012 mL, 0.060 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The consumption of the starting material was monitored by TLC (AcOEt/n-hexane 1:9). After filtration over a short pad of celite, the reaction was quenched with sat'd aq NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×40 mL), dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with AcOEt/n-hexane 1.5:8.5, to provide 0.018 g of the title compound as a yellow solid in 60% yield.

Data for 22

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.21 (m, 3H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 5.85-5.75 (m, 1H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 5.00-4.90 (m, 2H), 3.33-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.89 (s, 6H), 2.79-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.41 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.04-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.33 (br, 10H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 206.6, 173.9, 148.6, 144.6, 139.3, 137.0, 135.2, 133.7, 131.3, 130.7, 130.0 (2CH), 128.6, 127.7 (2CH), 124.3, 119.2, 114.3, 106.2, 66.2, 40.7 (2CH₃), 37.8, 34.6, 33.9, 29.5, 29.4, 29.3, 29.2, 29.1, 25.2, 24.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 2920, 2850, 1726, 1706, 1616, 1376, 1144 cm⁻¹

HRMS (TOF MS ES+) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₃H₄₀NO₃: 498.3008; found: 498.3011

Tunable Fluorophores—Synthesis

General Procedure A: Conversion of Bromides to Amides

To a flame-dried two-neck round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added dimethylacetamide (1.0 equiv) in THF (0.3 M). The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath and LDA (1.1 equiv of a 2.0 M solution in heptane/THF/ethylbenzene) was added dropwise via syringe with stirring, turning the reaction mixture light brown. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h and became yellow in color. Cinnamyl bromide (1.3-1.5 equiv) dissolved in minimal THF was added to the reaction all at once, turning the reaction mixture a deeper yellow. The reaction mixture was warmed to rt slowly over 3 h, and then stirred at rt for 16 h becoming cloudy and orange. The reaction mixture was poured into brine (15 mL), and the aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to yield the title compound. ¹H NMR spectroscopy showed traces of DCM and ethyl acetate solvents.

(E)-5-(2-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-enamide

Follows general procedure A: dimethylacetamide (0.40 mL, 4.35 mmol), THF (14 mL), LDA (2.40 mL, 4.79 mmol), and cinnamyl bromide x (1.50 g, 6.52 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 0-80% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product x as a yellow oil (0.750 g, 66%).

Data for x LSK-4-056

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.51 (dd, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dt, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (dt, J=15.8, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.66-2.49 (m, 4H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 172.0, 135.5, 132.6 (2C), 132.5, 129.5, 128.1, 126.8, 126.7, 32.7, 35.4, 32.9, 28.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3059, 3038, 2930, 1653, 1591, 1496, 1143, 753, 694 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 238 (100)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₃H₁₇NOCl: 238.0999; found, 238.0997

(E)-5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-enamide

Follows general procedure A: dimethylacetamide (0.47 mL, 5.02 mmol), THF (16 mL), LDA (2.76 mL, 5.52 mmol), and cinnamyl bromide x (1.50 g, 6.52 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 0-80% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield product as a golden oil (0.894 g, 68%).

Data LSK-4-064

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.15 (m, 3H), 6.39 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dt, J=16.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.45 (m, 4H) ppm ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 172.0, 139.4, 134.4, 131.3, 129.7, 129.3, 126.9, 125.9, 124.3, 37.2, 35.4, 32.9, 28.5 ppm

IR (thin film) 3051, 2932, 2902, 1639, 1593, 1142, 752, 735 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 238 (100)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₃H₁₇NOCl: 238.0999; found, 238.0995

General Procedure B: Addition of Alkynes

To a flame-dried two-neck round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septum, and a stir bar was added alkyne (1.3 equiv) in THF (0.4 M). The solution was cooled at −78° C. (bath temperature) in a dry ice/acetone bath, and n-butyllithium (1.2 equiv of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes) was added dropwise via syringe with stirring. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then amide (1.0 equiv) in THF (0.3 M) followed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (1.25 equiv) were added dropwise via syringe. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (1.25 equiv) and acetic acid (1.25 equiv) were added. The reaction was warmed to −20° C. and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with Et₂O (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to yield the title compound.

(E)-7-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1-phenylhept-6-en-1-yn-3-one

Follows general procedure B: phenylacetylene (90 μL, 0.82 mmol), THF (2 mL), n-butyllithium (0.43 mL, 0.69 mmol), amide (0.150 g, 0.63 mmol), THF (2 mL), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (99 μL, 0.79 mmol), acetic acid (45 μL, 0.79 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (12 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a light yellow oil (0.148 g, 80%).

Data LSK-4-062

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.61-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.18 (dp, J=7.7, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dt, J=15.6, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 186.9, 135.4, 133.1 (2C), 132.7, 131.1, 130.8, 129.6, 128.7 (2C), 128.2, 127.5, 126.8, 126.7, 119.9, 91.3, 87.8, 44.9, 27.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3062, 2899, 2848, 2200, 1667, 1591, 1489, 755 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 294 (73), 293 (98), 259 (100)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M] calcd for C₁₉H₁₅OCl: 294.0811; found, 294.08

(E)-7-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1-phenylhept-6-en-1-yn-3-one

Follows general procedure B: phenylacetylene (0.12 mL, 1.09 mmol), THF (3 mL), n-butyllithium (0.63 mL, 1.01 mmol), amide (0.200 g, 0.84 mmol), THF (3 mL), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.13 mL, 1.05 mmol), acetic acid (60 μL, 1.05 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (3 cm column, 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a yellow oil (0.239 g, 96%).

Data LSK-4-207 (NMR 4-070)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.61-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.16 (m, 3H), 6.42 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dt, J=16.0, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 186.7, 139.2, 134.5, 133.1 (2C), 130.8, 130.0, 129.8, 129.7, 128.7 (2C), 127.1, 126.0, 124.3, 119.9, 91.2, 87.8, 44.8, 27.3 ppm

IR (thin film) 3061, 3023, 2923, 2851, 2202, 1668, 1593, 1489, 758, 688 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 294 (100), 293 (50), 259 (20) HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₆OCl: 294.0890; found, 294.0895

(E)-7-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1-(trimethylsilyl)hept-6-en-1-yn-3-one

Follows general procedure B: trimethylsilylacetylene (0.28 mL, 1.99 mmol), THF (5.4 mL), n-butyllithium (1.15 mL, 1.84 mmol), amide (0.400 g, 1.53 mmol), THF (5.4 mL), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.24 mL, 1.91 mmol), acetic acid (0.11 mL, 1.91 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (12 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a light yellow oil (0.268 g, 60%).

Data LSK-4-063

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.48 (dd, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dp, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (dt, J=15.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 0.26 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 187.4, 136.1, 133.4, 131.7, 130.4, 129.0, 128.2, 127.6, 127.5, 102.6, 99.2, 45.4, 28.2, 0.0 (3C) ppm

IR (thin film) 3062, 2961, 2901, 2150, 1677, 1591, 1469, 1252, 847, 751 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 293 (30), 291 (100), 290 (32), 276 (25), 275 (79), 255 (20), 239 (15)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₀OSiCl: 291.0972; found, 291.0961

(E)-7-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1-(trimethylsilyl)hept-6-en-1-yn-3-one

Follows general procedure B: trimethylsilylacetylene (70 μL, 0.49 mmol), THF (1.4 mL), n-butyllithium (0.29 mL, 0.46 mmol), amide (0.100 g, 0.42 mmol), THF (1.4 mL), boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (60 μL, 0.48 mmol), acetic acid (27 μL, 0.48 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (12 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a light yellow oil (0.076 g, 68%).

Data LSK-4-085

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 3H), 6.38 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (dt, J=16.0, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 0.26 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 186.8, 139.1, 134.4, 129.9, 129.7, 129.7, 127.1, 126.0, 124.3, 101.8, 98.4, 44.6, 27.1, 0.0 (3C) ppm

IR (thin film) 3055, 3025, 2960, 2901, 2150, 1677, 1252, 846, 762 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 293 (29), 291 (100), 290 (10), 276 (20), 275 (56), 255 (25), 239 (5)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₀OSiCl: 291.0972; found, 291.0981

Dehydrogenative Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reaction

General Procedure C: Dehydrogenative Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reaction

To a 2-5 mL microwave irradiation vial was added styrene-yne in DCB (0.06 M). The solution was irradiated at 225° C. until complete by TLC. The reaction mixture was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to yield the title compound.

5-Chloro-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure C: styrene-yne (0.110 g, 0.37 mmol) and DCB (5 mL). The solution was irradiated at 225° C. for 40 min turning the reaction mixture amber. The reaction mixture was purified directly by silica gel flash column chromatography (2.5 cm column, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (0.105 g, 96%).

Data LSK-4-069

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 3H), 3.41-3.36 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.74 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 205.7, 149.2, 140.2, 135.7, 134.0, 133.5, 131.7, 131.4, 129.7 (2C), 128.4, 128.0 (2C), 127.9, 127.8, 125.5, 121.3, 37.5, 25.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 3060, 3025, 2958, 2924, 1710, 1595, 1483 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 293 (100), 251 (63), 230 (5), 216 (10), 215 (12)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₄OCl: 293.0733; found, 293.0728

6-Chloro-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one and 8-chloro-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure C: styrene-yne (0.110 g, 0.37 mmol) and DCB (5 mL). The solution was irradiated at 225° C. for 40 min turning the reaction mixture amber. The reaction mixture was concentrated under high vacuum, and the crude products were purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (25 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compounds as beige solids (combined yield of 0.084 g, 77%).

Data for 6-chloro compound LSK-4-077-1

Yield 0.036 g, 33% yield

¹H NMR (400 MHz, C₆D₆) 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 2.54-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.16 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, C₆D₆) 203.5, 149.3, 140.0, 137.5, 136.2, 134.4, 131.6, 130.8 (2C), 130.5 (2C), 130.2, 126.9 (2C), 126.5 (2C), 123.8, 37.2, 24.6 ppm

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 292 (48), 291 (100), 257 (5), 215 (2)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₄OCl: 293.0733; found, 293.0723

Data for 8-chloro compound LSK-4-077-2

Yield 0.048 g, 44% yield

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.82 (dd, J=7.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.26-7.23 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.68 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 205.2, 148.1, 139.8, 138.9, 138.0, 134.2, 133.0, 130.0, 129.3 (2C), 128.1, 127.9, 127.8, 127.3, 127.2 (2C), 125.9, 37.5, 24.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 3056, 3028, 2928, 2864, 1708, 1612, 1497 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 292 (100), 291 (12), 257 (44)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₁₄OCl: 293.0733; found, 293.0727

5-Chloro-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure C: styrene-yne (0.052 g, 0.18 mmol) and DCB (3 mL). The solution was irradiated at 225° C. for 90 min turning the reaction mixture amber. The reaction mixture was purified directly by silica gel flash column chromatography (2.5 cm column, 0-5% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as an off-white solid (0.047 g, 91%).

Data LSK-4-097

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.42-8.40 (m, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.78 (m, 2H), 0.55 (s, 9H) ppm ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 207.9, 148.7, 143.3, 142.4, 138.5, 133.3, 132.0, 130.1, 127.9, 124.7, 123.1, 36.9, 25.5, 3.1 (3C) ppm

IR (thin film) 3089, 2966, 2939, 2889, 1714, 1591, 1487, 1249, 1240 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 289 (22), 275 (28), 273 (100),

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₁₈OSiCl: 289.0815; found, 289.0791

6-Chloro-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one and 8-chloro-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure C: styrene-yne (0.073 g, 0.25 mmol) and DCB (4.2 mL). The solution was irradiated at 225° C. for 90 min turning the reaction mixture brown. The reaction mixture was concentrated under high vacuum, and the crude products were purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (12 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compounds as white solids (combined yield of 0.057 g, 79%).

Data for 6-chloro compound LSK-4-083-1

Yield 0.033 g, 46% yield

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.42 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=9.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.75 (m, 2H), 0.54 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 207.6, 148.6, 142.8, 141.8, 136.7, 135.5, 133.5, 132.2, 126.9, 126.0, 125.6, 36.8, 25.2, 2.94 (3C) ppm

IR (thin film) 2966, 2943, 2884, 1706, 1607, 1485 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 273 (100), 243 (18), 229 (25), 199 (48)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M−CH₃] calcd for C₁₅H₁₄OSiCl: 273.0502; found, 273.0498

Data for 8-chloro compound LSK-4-083-2

Yield 0.024 g, 33% yield

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.31-3.26 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.76 (m, 2H), 0.44 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 207.9, 146.8, 145.3, 144.1, 137.5, 136.8, 135.3, 127.4, 127.3, 127.3, 126.4, 37.0, 25.2, 2.96 (3C) ppm

IR (thin film) 2953, 2941, 2913, 1707, 1601, 1479 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 273 (51), 257 (23), 231 (100), 199 (31)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M−Me] calcd for C₁₅H₁₄OSiCl: 273.0502; found, 273.0476

General Procedure D: Desilylation of Naphthalenes

To a two-neck round-bottomed flask equipped with an argon inlet adapter, a septa, and a stir bar was added naphthalene (1.0 equiv) in THF (0.06-0.08 M). TBAF (2.0-3.0 equiv of a 1.0 M solution in THF) was added dropwise with stirring turning the reaction mixture purple then brown in color. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min and quenched with sat'd aq ammonium chloride. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to yield the title compound.

5-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure D: naphthalene (0.046 g, 0.16 mmol), THF (2 mL), and TBAF (0.35 mL, 0.35 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (4 g silica cartridge, 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield a light yellow solid (18 mg, 51%).

Data LSK-4-099

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.80 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 206.9, 149.1, 135.3, 134.3, 133.5, 131.7, 129.6, 128.7, 125.9, 124.6, 121.8, 36.9, 25.6 ppm

IR (thin film) 3056, 2958, 2921, 2839, 1710, 1625, 1593, 1497 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 216 (100), 188 (3), 181 (2)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M] calcd for C₁₃H₉OCl: 216.0342; found, 216.0340

6-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure D: naphthalene (0.058 g, 0.20 mmol), THF (3.3 mL), and TBAF (0.62 mL, 0.62 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (2.5 cm column, 5-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield a light brown solid (21 mg, 50%).

Data LSK-4-178

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.44 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.35-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.79 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 206.8, 149.1, 137.6, 135.0, 134.5, 131.8, 130.5, 127.2, 126.4, 124.3, 124.0, 36.9, 25.4 ppm

IR (thin film) 3068, 3019, 2953, 2922, 2847, 1710, 1628, 1492 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 217 (100), 199 (7), 188 (8), 175 (15)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₃H₁₀OCl: 217.0420; found, 217.0404

8-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure D: naphthalene (0.035 g, 0.12 mmol), THF (2 mL), and TBAF (0.24 mL, 0.24 mmol). The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1.5 cm column, 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield a light brown solid (17 mg, 65%).

Data LSK-4-180

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.78 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.79 (dd, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.82 (m, 2H), ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 206.9, 148.7, 138.1, 135.5, 134.4, 130.0, 128.3, 126.9, 126.3, 125.3, 121.2, 36.9, 25.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 2956, 2925, 2851, 1709, 1626, 1596, 1496 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 217 (100), 216 (12), 199 (5), 188 (30), 175 (13)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₃H₁₀OCl: 217.0420; found, 217.0412

Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-Coupling Reaction

General Procedure E: Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-coupling Reactions Employing LHMDS

To an oven-dried 0.5-2 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added Ruphos palladacycle (0.025 equiv). The microwave irradiation vial was capped and then evacuated and refilled with argon (3×) through a small gauge needle piercing the vial cap. Once evacuation of air from the vial was complete, the needle was removed. LHMDS (2.0 equiv of a 1.0 M solution in THF) was added all at once with stirring, turning the reaction mixture red. Naphthalene (1.0 equiv) in THF (0.25-0.50 M) was added all at once via syringe turning the reaction mixture brown in color. Finally, dimethylamine (1.5 equiv of a 2.0 M solution in THF) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. in an oil bath until complete by TLC. Once complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution, and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to yield the title compound.

General Procedure F: Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-Coupling Reactions Employing Cs₂CO₃

To an oven-dried 0.5-2 mL microwave irradiation vial equipped with a stir bar was added Ruphos palladacycle (0.025 equiv), Cs₂CO₃ (2.0 equiv), and naphthalene (1.0 equiv). The microwave irradiation vial was capped and then evacuated and refilled with argon (3×) through a small gauge needle piercing the vial cap. Once evacuation of air from the vial was complete, the needle was removed. THF (0.25-0.50 M) was added all at once via syringe, followed by dimethylamine (1.5-3.0 equiv of a 2.0 M solution in THF). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. in an oil bath until complete by TLC. Once complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with sat'd aq ammonium chloride solution, and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to yield the title compound.

5-(Dimethylamino)-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure E: Ruphos palladacycle (4 mg, 0.0053 mmol), LHMDS (0.42 mL, 0.42 mmol), naphthalene (0.060 g, 0.21 mmol), THF (0.8 mL), and dimethylamine (0.16 mL, 0.32 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 1 h, turning the reaction mixture black. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (12 g silica cartridge, 0-15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a dark yellow solid (0.030 g, 48%).

Data LSK-4-078

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.35 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.18 (dd, J=7.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s, 6H), 2.75-2.71 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 206.2, 150.6, 147.6, 140.1, 136.8, 133.4, 132.7, 130.8, 129.8 (2C), 127.9 (2C), 127.6, 125.7, 123.3, 120.8, 116.5, 45.4 (2C), 37.6, 25.1 ppm

IR (thin film) 3062, 2991, 2955, 2829, 2786, 1717, 1609, 1591, 1489 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ESI) m/z (%): 302 (30), 287 (100)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ESI) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₀NO: 302.1545; found, 302.1559

6-(Dimethylamino)-9-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure E: Ruphos palladacycle (1.5 mg, 0.0020 mmol), LHMDS (0.14 mL, 0.14 mmol), naphthalene (0.019 g, 0.065 mmol), THF (0.13 mL), and dimethylamine (50 μL, 0.10 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 1.5 h, turning reaction mixture brown. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1.5 cm column, 5% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (3 mg, 15%).

Data LSK-4-106

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 3.22 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.10 (s, 6H), 2.67 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) 205.5, 149.8, 149.1 140.0, 139.1, 136.7, 129.7 (2C), 129.5, 127.7 (2C), 127.4 (2C), 124.8, 121.6, 115.9, 104.5, 40.3 (2C), 37.4, 24.7 ppm

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 301 (100), 300 (28)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M] calcd for C₂₁H₁₉NO: 301.1467; found, 301.1469

5-(Dimethylamino)-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure F: Ruphos palladacycle (1.5 mg, 0.0020 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.045 g, 0.14 mmol), naphthalene (0.020 g, 0.069 mmol), THF (0.25 mL), and dimethylamine (0.11 mL, 0.21 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 3.5 h, turning the reaction mixture from cloudy orange to dark brown. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1.25 cm, 3% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (14 mg, 68%).

Data LSK-5-115

¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.89 (s, 6H), 2.77-2.75 (m, 2H), 0.53 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) 208.2, 150.8, 147.2, 142.7, 141.4, 138.7, 131.9, 125.9, 124.7, 122.7, 115.8, 45.4 (2C), 37.1, 29.7 (grease), 25.6, 3.03 (3C) ppm

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ESI) m/z (%): 298 (20), 283 (11), 268 (100), 209 (7)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ESI) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₈H₂₄NOSi: 298.1627; found, 298.1616

6-(Dimethylamino)-9-(trimethylsilyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure F: Ruphos palladacycle (2 mg, 0.0027 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.056 g, 0.17 mmol), naphthalene (0.025 g, 0.087 mmol), THF (0.40 mL), and dimethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.26 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 5 h, turning the reaction mixture from red to dark brown over time. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1.5 cm, 5% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (20 mg, 78%).

Data LSK-4-201

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.32 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=9.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.23-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.10 (s, 6H), 2.72-2.68 (m, 2H), 0.52 (s, 9H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 207.4, 149.1, 148.8, 142.2, 138.5, 137.9, 131.8, 130.6, 123.8, 115.3, 105.2, 40.3 (2C), 36.8, 25.2, 3.1 (3C) ppm

IR (thin film) 2956, 2923, 2887, 2851, 1696, 1616, 1507 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ESI) m/z (%): 297 (100), 281 (5)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ESI) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₈H₂₄NOSi: 298.1627; found, 298.1630

5-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure E: Ruphos palladacycle (1.5 mg, 0.0020 mmol), LHMDS (0.14 mL, 0.14 mmol), naphthalene (0.016 g, 0.072 mmol), THF (0.20 mL), and dimethylamine (54 μL, 0.11 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 1.5 h, turning the reaction mixture dark brown over time. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1.5 cm, 5% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (8 mg, 50%).

Data LSK-4-107

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.32-8.29 (m, 2H), 7.66 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.91 (s, 6H), 2.83-2.78 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 207.6, 150.7, 147.6, 134.5, 133.7, 133.0, 126.0, 125.3, 124.7, 121.3, 116.8, 45.2 (2C), 37.1, 25.7 ppm

IR (thin film) 3056, 2925, 2852, 2823, 2786, 1712, 1626, 1601, 1503 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 225 (100), 224 (35), 196 (3), 182 (10)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M] calcd for C₁₅H₁₅NO: 225.1154; found, 225.1147

6-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure E: Ruphos palladacycle (2 mg, 0.0027 mmol), LHMDS (0.18 mL, 0.18 mmol), naphthalene (0.019 g, 0.088 mmol), THF (0.30 mL), and dimethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.26 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 1 h, turning the reaction mixture brown over time. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1.5 cm, 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a light brown solid (5 mg, 25%).

Data LSK-4-184

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J=9.1, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 6H), 2.77-2.72 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 207.0, 150.2, 149.0, 139.5, 131.5, 131.2, 125.4, 124.4, 121.8, 116.3, 104.6, 40.4 (2C), 36.9, 25.3 ppm

IR (thin film) 2959, 2918, 2851, 1693, 1614, 1512 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 225 (31), 224 (100), 209 (32), 196 (5), 184 (17)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₆NO: 226.1232; found, 226.1189

8-(Dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-1-one

Follows general procedure E: Ruphos palladacycle (1.5 mg, 0.0020 mmol), LHMDS (0.15 mL, 0.15 mmol), naphthalene (0.016 g, 0.074 mmol), THF (0.30 mL), and dimethylamine (0.11 mL, 0.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 2.5 h, turning the reaction mixture dark brown over time. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (1.5 cm, 5% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (13 mg, 77%).

Data LSK-4-186

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 8.74 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.03 (dd, J=5.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.29 (m, 2H), 2.91 (s, 6H), 2.82-2.79 (m, 2H) ppm

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 207.5, 153.4, 147.9, 138.8, 133.9, 128.7, 128.1, 125.1, 122.2, 121.4, 113.9, 45.3 (2C), 37.0, 25.2 ppm

IR (thin film) 3053, 2936, 2867, 2837, 1710, 1623, 1595, 1575, 1501 cm⁻¹

LRMS (TOF MSMS ES+ ASAP) m/z (%): 226 (16), 225 (67), 211 (100)

HRMS (TOF MS ES+ ASAP) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₆NO: 226.1232; found, 226.1193

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specifications and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

All numerical ranges stated herein include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between and including the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations. Any minimum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all higher numerical limitations.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Furthermore, for any reference made to patents and printed publications throughout this specification, each of the cited references and printed publications are individually incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described. 

1. (canceled)
 2. A peptide or protein comprising a modified amino acid residue comprising a substituted naphthalene fluorophore.
 3. The peptide or protein of claim 2, wherein the modified amino acid residue is 2-(amino)-3-((1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)propanoate or 2-(amino)-3-(4-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanoate.
 4. The peptide or protein of claim 2, wherein the substituted naphthalene fluorophore having has a structure:

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is a halogen, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, or two R⁶ groups on an R² group may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or the R³ groups are combined as ═O, wherein one or R¹, R², and R³ has reacted with a residue on an amino acid to form the modified amino acid.
 5. (canceled)
 6. (canceled)
 7. The functionalized naphthalene fluorophore of claim 4, wherein at least one of the R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ or R⁶ groups comprises a fatty acid residue.
 8. A method for monitoring a tagged compound in vivo comprising: tagging a biological compound with a functionalized naphthalene fluorophore; and monitoring the tagged compound using a spectroscopic technique, wherein the functionalized naphthalene fluorophore has a structure

where R¹ is a substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴, P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ where Y is O, NR⁵, or S; each R² is a halogen, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, or an electron donating group selected from —N(R⁶)₂, —OR⁶, and —SR⁶; each R³ is H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, or combined as ═O; each R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy, a substituted silyl, trialkylsilyl, diphenylalkylsilyl, triphenylalkylsilyl, a substituted phosphorous, dialkylphosphino, diphenylphosphino, an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, or two R⁶ groups on an R² group may come together to form a cyclic structure; X is CH₂, C(R⁶)₂, C(CO₂Alkyl)₂, O, NTs, NH, NCOR⁵ or NR⁵; n is an integer from 0 to 2; m is an integer from 1 to 4, provided that either R¹ is one of —S(O)R⁴, —S(O)₂R⁴P(O)(OR⁴)₂, and —C(Y)R⁴ or the R³ groups are combined as ═O, wherein one or R¹, R², and R³ has reacted with a residue on an amino acid to form the modified amino acid.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the functionalized naphthalene fluorophore comprises an NMR active isotope or an alkyl or alkoxy group comprising an NMR active isotope, where the NMR active isotope is selected from ²H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F, or ³¹P; and monitoring the tagged compound comprises monitoring the tagged compound using NMR spectroscopy.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the functionalized naphthalene fluorophore comprises an amino acid residue selected from 2-(amino)-3-((1-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)benzyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)propanoate or 2-(amino)-3-(4-(4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1Hcyclopenta[b]naphthalen-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanoate, and monitoring the tagged compound comprises monitoring the tagged compound using fluorescent spectroscopy.
 11. The peptide or protein of claim 2, wherein an alkyne residue at R¹, R², or R³ is reacted with an azido group on an amino acid residue to form the modified amino acid residue.
 12. The peptide or protein of claim 2, wherein a maleimide residue at R¹, R², or R³ is reacted with a thiol group on an amino acid residue to form the modified amino acid residue. 